Multiple roles

Lubricants and process aids are often dual-purpose additives, fulfilling both roles to varying extents and sometimes acting as impact modifiers as well. The primary purpose of a lubricant is to improve the flow behaviour of the resin, but it will often affect the physical and optical properties of the final product. 

Some lubricants help to stabilise PVC, or act as slip or antiblock agents. Some even improve antistatic behaviour by increasing surface lubricity. Several PVC aliphatic esters such as the adipates, palmitates and sebacates are both lubricants and plasticisers. 

Lubricants are generally divided rather arbitrarily by English-speaking technologists into external and internal types, although in practice most of them are a mixture of the two. In Germany all lubricants incorporated in plastics formulations are classified as internal lubricants or Gleitmittel. 

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A review of the multiple roles of vibrational energy transfer in liquids. 

Chaperones. Figure 2 The multiple roles of BiP in the biogenesis of the secretory proteins. BiP, immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein ER, endoplasmic reticulum ERAD, ER-associated degradation ERj, resident ER protein with J-domain Sec61, core subunit of the protein translocase UPR, unfolded protein response that involves several signal transduction pathways that are activated in order to increase the biosynthetic capacity and decrease the biosynthetic burden of the ER... 

Hata AN, Breyer RM (2004) Pharmacology and signaling of prostaglandin receptors Multiple roles in inflammation and immune modulation. Pharmacol Ther 103 147-166... 

Biological and volcanic activities also have roles in the natural mobilization of elements. Plants can play multiple roles in this process. Root growth breaks down rocks mechanically to expose new surfaces to chenaical weathering, while chemical interactions between plants and the soil solution affect solution pFF and the concentration of salts, in turn affecting the solution-mineral interactions. Plants also aid in decreasing the rate of mechanical erosion by increasing land stability. These factors are discussed more fully in Chapters 6 and 7. 

The concentration-dependent dual or even multiple role of maity of these substances should be noted. For a more detailed treatment the reader is directed to the references given below. 

A close analogy exists between swelling equilibrium and osmotic equilibrium. The elastic reaction of the network structure may be interpreted as a pressure acting on the solution, or swollen gel. In the equilibrium state this pressure is sufficient to increase the chemical potential of the solvent in the solution so that it equals that of the excess solvent surrounding the swollen gel. Thus the network structure performs the multiple role of solute, osmotic membrane, and pressure-generating device. 

Fig. 3.4 Three models for prospective function(s) for OBPs during perireceptor delivery of a signal molecule odourant <=> protein <=> receptor site interactions could involve multiple roles. Ligand , OBP , combination(s) buffer and/or carrier and/or transducer from Pelosi, 1994).

Galaktionov, K., and Beach, D. (1991). Specific activation of cdc25 tyrosine phosphatases by B-type cyclins evidence for multiple roles of mitotic cyclins. Cell 67 1181-1194. 

Asano, K., Shalev, A., Phan, L., Nielsen, K., Clayton, J., Valasek, L., Donahue, T. F., and Hinnebusch, A. G. (2001). Multiple roles for the carboxyl terminal domain of eIF5 in translation initiation complex assembly and GTPase activation. EMBOJ. 20, 2326—2337. 

Lipids have multiple roles in cells. Recent discoveries show that the same lipid may have both structural and regulatory roles in the cell. For example, while arachidonic acid (20 4co6) is a major constituent of brain inositides and PtdEtn, the free acid is also a precursor of a number of important bio messengers, the eicosanoids, such as prostaglandins, prostacyclins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes... 

Proteins of the cytoskeleton play a central role in the creation and maintenance of cell shapes in all tissues. They serve multiple roles in eukaryotic cells. First, they provide structural organization for the cell interior, helping to establish metabolic compartments. Second, cytoskeletal structures serve as tracks for intracellular transport, which creates and maintains differentiated cellular functions. Finally, the cytoskeleton comprises the core framework of cellular morphologies. 

MTs serve multiple roles in neurons. Besides acting as the substrate for the transport of membrane-bounded organelles, MTs are necessary for the extension of neurites during development they provide the structural basis for maintaining neurites after extension and they also help maintain the definition and integrity of intracellular compartments. The diversity of these functions is reflected in differences in the biochemistry and metabolic stability of different MTs. 

THE ENDOCYTIC PATHWAY PLAYS MULTIPLE ROLES IN CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 151... 

Cytoplasmic dyneins may have multiple roles in the neuron 497... 

Cytoplasmic dyneins may have multiple roles in the neuron. The identification of kinesin as a plus-end directed microtubule motor suggested that it is involved in anterograde transport but left the identity of the retrograde motor an open question. Since flagellar dynein was known to be a minus-end-directed motor, interest in cytoplasmic dyneins was renewed. Identification of the cytoplasmic form of dynein in nervous tissue came as an indirect result of the discovery of kinesin. 

Waagepetersen, H. S., Sonnewald, U., Schousboe, A. (1999) The GABA paradox multiple roles as metabolite, neurotransmitter, and neurodifferentiative agent. J. Neurochem. 73, 1335-1342. 

Beynon, R. J. and Hurst, J. L. (2003) Multiple roles of major urinary proteins in the house mouse, Mus domesticus. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 31, 142-6. 

When a session holds, copies of course materials must be produced, and the customer trends are updated. Note that each problem domain object can play multiple roles in different frameworks. For example, a Course Title serves as a Requirement in the two applications of the Resource Allocation framework and serves as a Product in the applications of the Marketing and Production framework. 

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