Pinus contorta

Follmann, G. and Huneck, S. 1972. No title given. PhiUppia 3 9. [Cited by Piovana et al., 1997.] Forrest, G. I. 1980a. Geographical variation in the monoterpenes of Pinus contorta oleoresin. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 8 343-359. 

Geographical variation in oleoresin monoterpene composition of Pinus contorta... 

Savidge, R. A. Dihydroconiferyl alcohol in developing xylem of Pinus contorta. Phytochemistry 1987, 26, 93-94. 

Gardner, D.R., Panter, K.E., James, L.F. and Stegelmeier, B.L. (1998). Abortifacient effects of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and common juniper (Juniperus communis) on cattle. Vet. Human Toxicol., 40, 260-263. 

In Sweden, phenols did not protect introduced lodgepole pines, Pinus contorta, particularly well against debarking by the vole M. agrestis. Being an alien tree species may be an important factor (Hansson etal, 1986). The authors pointed out that, in general, any natural defense will work only at low browsing pressure by voles. 

Hansson, L., Gref, R., and Theander, 0. (1986). Susceptibility to vole attacks due to bark phenols and terpenes in Pinus contorta provenances introduced into Sweden. JournaZ of Chemical Ecology 12,1569-1578. 

Finlay, R. D., Frostegard, A., and Sonnerfeldt, A.-M. (1992). Utilization of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources by ectomycorrhizal fungi in pure culture and in symbiosis with Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. New Phytol. 120, 105-115. 

Kaupp, W.J., 1983. Persistence of Neodiprion sertifer (Hymenoptera Diprionidae) nuclear polyhdedrosis vims on Pinus contorta foliage. Can. Ent., 115 869-873. 

Sample Preparation. The wood pellets were all cut and sanded, with great attention to grain direction, from uniform sapwood sections of the same lodge pole pine Pinus contorta) tree provided by Weyerhauser Co. (Corvallis Mill). The cylinders were oven-dried at 90 C for at least three weeks. Dry particles used in some of the pyrolyses attained an equilibrium moisture content of about 5% during handling at the normal laboratory conditions. Moisture was quantitatively added (for some pyrolyses) using a microsyringe and balance, and allowed to come to a uniform distribution as described by Kelbon (14). ... 

Corsican pine, Pinus laricio, 332 Lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta, 183 Pinus spp., 2, 182, 183, 332, 359, 699, 702 White pine, Pinus strobus, 183 Pineapple, Ananas comusus, 45 Plum, Prunus spp., 202 Poplar, tulip, Liriodendron tulipifera, 254 Pondweed, Potomogeton crispus, 78, 104 Potato... 

Three common subalpine species were selected Mahonia repens, Rumex densiflorus and Populus tremuloides. Mahonia repens is a low stature understory shrub with horizontal foliage. Rumex densiflorus and Populus tremuloides, an open-growing herb and tree, respectively, have primarily vertical leaf orientation. Plants grew in an Artemisia-dominated forest opening and in the adjacent understory of a dense stand of Pinus contorta at ca. 300 m in the Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming. The forest opening and understory were selected... 

Myrcene (70) is very widespread in nature. Some sources, such as hops, contain high levels and it is found in most of the common herbs and spices. All isomers of a-ocimene (84), b-ocimene (85), and alio ocimene (86) are found in essential oils, the isomers of b-ocimene (85) being the most frequently encountered. Limonene (73) is present in many essential oils, but the major occurrence is in the citrus oils that contain levels up to 90%. These oils contain the dextrorotatory (/ ) -enantiomer, and its antipode is much less common. Both a phellandrene (87) and b phellandrene (88) occur widely in essential oils. For example, ( ) a phellandrene is found in Eucalyptus dives and (5)-(-)-b-phellandrene in the lodge-pole pine, Pinus contorta. p Cymene (83) has been identi ed in many essential oils and plant extracts and thyme and oregano oils are particularly rich in it. a-Pinene (65), b-pinene (7, and 3-carene (77) are all major constituents of turpentine from a wide range of pines, spruces, and rs. The pinenes are often found in other oils, 3 carene less so. Like the pinenes, camphene (89) is widespread in nature. 

Isol. from wood of Ulex europaeus, bark of Pinus contorta, from Shorea maranti, olive oil (Olea europaea) etc. Needles (Me2CO). Mp 73-74°. 

Wax esters usually constitute a minor component in suberin-associated waxes. In the periderms of underground storage organs they comprised 1% to 7% of the total wax (116), and there were no detectable wax esters in the suberin-associated wax from the periderm surrounding the crystal idioblasts of Agave americana (117). In many cases where wax esters have been reported to be components of bark waxes, they comprised an unknown or low percentage of wax — e.g., Pinus monticola (7%) (82), Pinus contorta (9%) (389) and Pinus banksiana (7%) (387). 

Free fatty acids are major components of many suberin-associated waxes, whereas they are usually minor components of cuticular waxes (245). For example, free fatty acids were the major class of components in the suberin-associated wax from the storage organs of Daucus carota (50% of the wax) and Brassica napobrassica (49%) (116, 219), and the bark waxes of Pinus contorta (43%) (389) and Ailan-thus glandulosa (59%) (76). The major fatty acids in many bark waxes are C20, C22, C24 or a combination of these acids. For example, C22 and C24 were the two dominant components (23% and 34%, respectively) of the free fatty acid fraction that comprised 34% of the wax from the bark of Picea abies (484). In many ana-... 

Loman A A 1970 Bioassays of fungi isolated from Pinus contorta var. latifolia with pinosylvin, pinosylvin monomethyl ether, pinobanksin and pinocembrin. Can J Bot 48 1303-1308... 

Other tissues of Pinus trees also contain flavonoids though usually in lesser quantities. Erdtman (9) writes small amounts of the heartwood constituents have been found in the cambium and sapwood of many pine species. .. and it is obvious that the heartwood constituents are formed in the cambium and transported to the heartwood via the rays of the sapwood. Bark constituents, by contrast, differ somewhat from those of the wood so that there must be some separation at the cambium in the pathways of biosynthesis. Pine barks, for example, may contain the common dihydroflavonols and flavonols in addition to the flavanones and flavanonols of the wood. Pinus contorta bark, for example, contains sufficient myricetin to make it a useful source of this flavonol, while P pinaster bark is a good source of quercetin. In addition, bark of Pinus ponderosa contains two C-methylated flavonols, pinoquercetin (20) and pinomyricetin (79), that have not been reported anywhere else. 

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