Ectomycorrhizal fungi

Arbutoid mycorrhizae Members of the Ericales with sturdier roots including Arbutus, Arctostaphylos. and Pyrola-ceae Ectomycorrhizal fungi on other types of plants Fungal mantle, Hartig net and coils... 

The effect of flavonoids on spore germination and hyphal growth of ecto-mycorrhizal fungi is poorly known. However, several metabolites relea.sed by the plant roots trigger events leading to their infection (44,55). In the saprotrophic phase, spores of several ectomycorrhizal fungi respond to stimulation by abietic acid, the diterpene resin acid, in root exudates (56). 

In cricoid or ectomycorrhizal fungi, the thickness of the hyphal cell wall is much the same in presymbiotic and symbiotic hyphae, although the fibrillar material on the surface of ericoid fungi outside the root disappears during penetration (69). 

The growth of ectomycorrhizal trees is frequently improved by their increased phosphorus (P) accumulation (3), and this, in turn, is related to the intensity of the mycorrhizal infection. Ectomycorrhizal fungi solubilize insoluble forms of A1 and Ca phosphates as well as inositol hexaphosphates, though a wide interstrain variability has been recorded (112). These complex P forms are digested by the secretion of extracellular acid and alkaline phosphomono- and phosphodi-ester-ases. Pi in soil solutions is easily taken up by ectomycorrhizal hyphae and then translocated to the host roots. Its absorption and efflux are probably regulated... 

Recent reviews have focused on the role of mycorrhizal fungi in the uptake of heavy metals from polluted soils and their transfer to the plant (123). Several experimental data provide clear evidence that both ectomycorrhizal and ericoid fungi protect their host against these metals (123-125). The position with regard to the AM fungi is less clear (123). 

F. Martin, M. A. Selos.se, C. Di Battista. H. Gherbi, C. Delaruclle, D. Vairelles, D. Bouchard, and F. Le Tacon, Molecular markers in ecology of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Genet. Select. Evol. 30 5333-5355 (1998). 

M. Gardes and T. D. Bruns, Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Pinu.s niuricata forest above and below-ground views. Can. J. Hot. 74 1572 (1996). 

O. Karen, N. Hogberg, A. Dahlberg, L. Jonsson, and J. E. Nylund, Inter- and intraspecific variation in the ITS region of rDNA of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Fennoscan-dia as detected by endonuclea.se analysis. New Phytol. /36 3I3 (1997). 

Finlay, R. D., Ek, FI., Odham, G., and Soderstrom, B. Mycelium uptake, translocation and assimilation of nitrogen from N-labelled ammonium by Pintis. sylvestris plants infected with four different ectomycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol. //0 59-66 (1988). 

F. Paris, P. Bonnaud, J. Ranger, M. Robert, and F. Lapeyrie, Weathering of ammonium- or calcium-saturated 2 1 phyllosilicates by ectomycorrhizal fungi in vitro. Soil Biol. Biochein. 27 1237 (1995). 

F. Martin and B. Botton, Nitrogen metabolism of ectomycorrhizal fungi and ecto-mycorrhiza. Adv. Plant Pathol. 9 83 (1993). 

G. D. Bending and D. J. Read, Effect of the soluble polyphenol tannic acid on the activities of ericoid and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2ft 1595 (1996). 

Bostrom B, Comstedt D, Ekblad A (2008) Can isotopic fractionation during respiration explain the 13C enriched sporocarps of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi New Phytol 177 1012-1019 Boutton TW (1996) Stable carbon isotopes ratios of soil organic matter and their use as indicators of vegetation and climate change. In Boutton TW, Yamasaki S (eds) Mass spectrometry of soils. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp 47-82... 

Ectomycorrhizal fungi in culture produce compounds with antibacterial or antifungal activities. However, many such studies were based... 

Debaud ](Z et ai. Genetics and molecular biology of the fungal partner in the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis Hebeloma cylindrosporum X Pinuspinaster, in CarroU GC and Tudzynski P (eds.), The Mycota. A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research. V. Plant Relationships. Part B., Springer, Berlin, pp. 95—115, 1997. 

Redeker KR, Treseder KK, Allen MF (2004) Ectomycorrhizal Fungi A New Source of Atmospheric Methyl Halides Global Change Biol 10 1009... 

Meharg AA, Caimey JWG, Maguire N (1997) Mineralization of 2,4-Dichlorophenol by Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Axenic Culture and in Symbiosis with Pine. Chemosphere 34 2495... 

Sagara, N. (1995). Association of ectomycorrhizal fungi with decomposed animal wastes in forest habitats A cleaning symbiosis Can. J. Bot. 73, suppl. 1, S1423-S1433. 

The fine roots of plants are killed by the urea treatment, presumably due to ammonia toxicity, but recover vigorously and abundantly during the LP (Sagara 1975). This recovery of roots is accompanied by colonization of the hyphae of LP fungi and by formation of ectomycorrhizas if the associated plants are ectomycorrhizal (Sagara 1995). 

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