Geographic variation

A study has been made by A. V. Bridgwater [Chem. Eng., 86, 119-121 (Nov. 5, 1979)] of the geographical variations in capital costs. He concluded that because of trade and competition basic equipment costs do not vaiy significantlv in the industrialized countries of the western world. The main differences in construction costs at various international locations are due to variations in labor costs and productivity, the use of specialized equipment, and sundry local factors. Table 9-55 gives location factors for the construction of chemical plants of similar function in various countries (1993 values). The factors have been corrected by Bridgwater for location variations in labor costs and efficiency and converted at the average value of the exchange rate. 

Interested readers can find information on geographic variation in aboveground architecture and leaf characters of Encelia farinosa in response to temperature and available water in Housman et al. (2002), and a discussion of chemical variation and defense against predation in a report by Wisdom (1985). 

Phytolacca dodecandra (Phytolaccaceae) in Africa geographic variation. Taxon 38 17-26. 

Baradat, P., Michelozzi, R., Tognetti, M. L. and Khaldi, A. 1995. Geographical variation in the terpene composition of Pinus halepensis Mhl. Pages 141-158 in P. Baradat, W. T. Adams, and G. Miiller-Stark (eds.) Population Genetics and Genetic Conservation of Forest Trees, SPB Academic Press, Amsterdam. 

Coassini Lokar, L. and Mon hini, M. 1989. Geographical variation in the monoterpenes of Valeriana officinalis leaf. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 17 563-567. 

Critchfield, W. B. 1957. Geographic variation in Firms contorta. Maria Moors Cabot Foundation Publ. 3. 

Cywnar, L. C. and MacDonald, G. M. 1987. Geographical variation of lodge pole pine in relation to population history. American Naturalist 129 463-469. 

Geographical variation in oleoresin monoterpene composition of Pinus contorta... 

Frias L. D., Godoy, R., Iturra, P., Koref-Santibanez, S., Navarro, J., Pacheco, N. and Stebbins, G. L. 1975. Polymorphism and geographic variation in flower color in Chilean populations of Eschscholzia califomica. Plant Syst. Evol. 123 185-198. 

Hall, G. D. and Langenheim, J. H. 1987. Geographic variation in leaf monoterpenes of Sequoia sempervirens. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 15 31-43. 

Hickman, J. C. and Johnson, M. P. 1969. An analysis of geographic variation in western North American Menziesia (Ericaceae). Madrono 20 1-32. 

Itoh, A., Sasaki, K., Mizukami, H., Ohashi, H., Sakurai, T. and Hiraoka, N. 1997. Geographical variation in the furanocoumarin and polyacetylenic compound compositions of wild Glehnia littoralis plants. Nat. Med. 51 50-55. 

Johansson, A. K., Kuusisfo, P. H., Laakso, P. H., Derome, K. K., Sepponen, P. J., Katajisto, J. K. and KaUio, II. 1997. Geographical variations in seed oils from Rubus chamaemorus and Empe-trum nigrum. Phytochemistry 44 1421-1427. 

Kokkini, S., Karousou, R. and Vokou, D. 1994. Pattern of geographic variation of Origanum vulgare trichomes and essential oil content in Greece. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 22 517-528. 

Kokkini, S. and Bessiere, J.-M. 1993. Geographic variation of Greek oregano Origanum... 

Geographical variation in the terpene composition of the leaf oil of Douglas fir. 

Frederick PC, Spalding MG, Dusek R. 2002. Wading birds as bioindicators of mercury contamination in Florida, USA annual and geographic variation. Environ Toxicol Chem 21 163-167. 

Hill, G. E. 1993. Geographic variation in the carotenoid plumage pigmentation of male house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 49 63-86. 

Hill, G. E. 1994. Geographic variation in male ornamentation and female mate preference in the house finch A comparative test of models of sexual selection. Behav. Ecol. 5 64-73. 

Results of Rn-222 measurements in 1500 dwellings in 75 municipalities in Norway are reported. The study was conducted to assess geographical variations in Rn-222 concentrations and to assess the relative importance of the different sources. The population average indoor Rn-222 concentration is assessed to be 80-100 Bq. ... 

Data from the 12 measurement full set and modified set are shown in Table I. We see there that the full set exhibits the same general features as the modified set, except that the radon levels are somewhat higher. Since the former have far more measurements, they give more detailed information on geographic variations. The 12 measurements are also directly useful for studies of variations of average radon levels with age of house, socioeconomic factors, etc. 

The scope of the majority of the papers is limited to the ascertainment of the existence of de novo biosynthesis of a particular compound. In this respect it has recently been proposed that in many cases it would be possible to predict the origin of secondary metabolites in nudibranch molluscs by examining their geographical variations in a given species [10]. Those molluscs that exhibit considerable variation in their chemical constituents undoubtedly obtain these from dietary sources, while those that have the same substances wherever they are collected are most likely capable of de novo biosynthesis. 

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