Pining disease

McGauley, B.H., and H.L. Gross. 1984. Jack pine diseases in Ontario. Pp. 131-138 in Proceedings of Jack Pine Symposium. Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forest Research Centre, COFJRC Symposium Proceedings O-P-12. 

Cobalt is one of twenty-seven known elements essential to humans (28) (see Mineral NUTRIENTS). It is an integral part of the cyanocobalamin [68-19-9] molecule, ie, vitamin B 2> only documented biochemically active cobalt component in humans (29,30) (see Vitamins, VITAMIN Vitamin B 2 is not synthesized by animals or higher plants, rather the primary source is bacterial flora in the digestive system of sheep and cattle (8). Except for humans, nonmminants do not appear to requite cobalt. Humans have between 2 and 5 mg of vitamin B22, and deficiency results in the development of pernicious anemia. The wasting disease in sheep and cattle is known as bush sickness in New Zealand, salt sickness in Florida, pine sickness in Scotland, and coast disease in AustraUa. These are essentially the same symptomatically, and are caused by cobalt deficiency. Symptoms include initial lack of appetite followed by scaliness of skin, lack of coordination, loss of flesh, pale mucous membranes, and retarded growth. The total laboratory synthesis of vitamin B 2 was completed in 65—70 steps over a period of eleven years (31). The complex stmcture was reported by Dorothy Crowfoot-Hodgkin in 1961 (32) for which she was awarded a Nobel prize in 1964. 

Iwahori, H., Tsuda, K., Kanzaki, N., Izui, K. and Futai, K. (1998) PCR-RFLP and sequencing analysis of ribosomal DNA of Bursaphelenchus nematodes related to pine wilt disease. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 21, 655-666. 

Rutherford, T.A., Mamiya, Y. and Webster, J.M. (1990) Nematode-induced pine wilt disease factors influencing its occurrence and distribution. Forest Science 36, 145-155. 

Pines A, Cucos S, Ever-Hadani P, et al. 1986. Levels of some organochlorine residues in blood of patients with arteriosclerotic disease. Sci Total Environ 54 135-156. 

In areas where pine trees are raised commercially, there may be restrictions on buying and planting black currants due to the potential for spreading white pine blister rust, a fungal disease that is passed back and forth between pine trees and some species of currants and gooseberries. Check with your university extension service before buying plants. 

First check for any restrictions on growing currants in your area (they can harbor a disease fatal to pine trees). Plants are usually sold container-grown as one-, two-, or three-year-old plants to train them against a wall, start with one-year-old plants. For bushes, look for plants with a good, fibrous root system, a short single stem, and three or more young branches of about pencil-thickness at the base. 

Injury to important primary-producer species constituting forest ecosystems is not limited to California. In the eastern United States, a disease called emergence tipbum of eastern white pine was related to ozone by Berry and Ripperton. Occurrence of similar symptoms on the same species in eastern Canada could not be definitely related to ozone by Linzon.- The disease is characterized by bands of necrosis initiated in the semimature tissue of elongating needles the necrosis spreads to the needle tip. In other studies with ozone fumigations at 0.07 ppm for 4 h or 0.03 ppm for 48 h, the tipbum appeared additional symptoms were silvery or chlorotic flecks and chlorotic mottling. - ... 

Higher concentrations of ozone in the forested areas of the eastern United States would undoubtedly cause greater injury to eastern white pine and other forest species. Chapter 11 reports additional studies that suggested that other conifer species, in particular Virginia pine and jack pine, may be more sensitive to ozone than eastern white pine. In addition, there is a synergistic interaction between low concentrations of ozone and sulfur dioxide that is the cause of the chlorotic dwarf disease... 

Ellertsen, B. W., C. J. Powell, and C. L. Massey. Report on study of diseased white pine in east Tennessee. Mht. Forstl. Bundesversuch. Wien. 97 195-206, 1972. 

Stark, R. W., and F. W. Cobb, Jr. Smog injury, root diseases, and bark beetle damage in ponderosa pine. Calif. Agric. 23(9) 13-15. 1%9. 

RL, Wustman BA, Huertas P, Powe AC, Pine CW, Khanna R, Schlossmacher MG Ringe D, Petsko GA. (2007) Stracture of acid beta-glucosidase with pharmacological chaperone provides insight into Gaucher disease. Nat Chem Biol 3 101-107. 

Obstructive lung disease, as measured by pulmonary function tests, has been associated with wood dust exposure. Vermont woodworkers with hardwood or pine dust exposures greater than lOmg-years/m generally had lower pulmonary function, as determined by FEVi/FVC, than those with exposure indices of 0-2 mg-years/m. Higher exposures also significantly lowered values of the maximal midexpiratory flow rate (MMEFR), compared with theoretical values. 

R. L. Lieberman, B. A. Wustman, P. Huertas, A. C. Powe, Jr., C. W. Pine, R. Khanna, M. G. Schlossmacher, D. Ringe, and G. A. Petsko, Structure of acid p-glucosidase with pharmacological chaperone provides insight into Gaucher disease, Nat. Chem. Biol., 3 (2007) 101-107. 

Compared with healthy controls, 51 patients with epilepsy taking a variety of antiepileptic drugs (mostly carbamaze-pine) had higher mean plasma concentrations of homocysteine (130). This effect, which could be related to reductions in the concentrations of folate and vitamin B6, was likely to be drug-induced, but a causative role of the underlying disease could not be excluded. Although homocysteine is an experimental convulsant and a risk factor for atherosclerosis, the clinical relevance of these findings is uncertain. 

Estrogens have also been found to have direct effects on blood vessels, including increased synthesis of nitric oxide and increased vasodilation (Farhat et al., 1996 McCrohon et al., 1996). The observed decrease in the risk of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis by estrogens (Pines et al, 1997 Punnonen et al., 1995 Stampfer and Colditz, 1991) is thought to be due to the combined effects of estrogens on serum lipids and vascular reactivity. 

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