Vernonia galamensis

Flavonoids from Hippophae rhamnoides Flavonol glycosides from Vernonia galamensis Flavonol glycosides from Picea abies Flavonol glycosides from Polypodium decumanum Flavone C-glycosides from Cecropia lyratiloba... 

Miserez, F. et al., Flavonol glycosides from Vernonia galamensis ssp. nairobiensis. Phytochemistry, 43, 283, 1996. 

Apiosyl(l 2)glucoside Vernonia galamensis ssp. galamensis var. petitiana whole plant Compositae 380... 

Apiosyl(l 2)galactoside Vernonia galamensis spp. nairobiensis leaves Compositae 381... 

Epoxidised oils (with isolated double bonds), such as epoxidised soybean are used as plasticisers. The natural occurrence of epoxidised fatty acids could be exploited to reduce processing costs on the pathway to polymerisation. For example, seed oils derived from Vernonia galamensis and Euphorbia lagascae both contain significant proportions (60-80%) of the epoxy acid vemolic acid, with interesting applications in greases and polyurethane applications (Turley et al., 2000). 

Oils containing epoxy acids Several natural epoxy acids are known, but vernolic acid (12,13-epoxyoleic) is the most common and occurs at high levels in several seed oils. Of these, serious attempts are now being made to develop Vernonia galamensis (73-78% vemolic acid) and Euphorbia lagascae (57-62% vernolic acid) as commercial crops (198). Several potential uses of this acid and the seed oils in which it occurs are being explored. 

Vernolic 18 1 -9c,-epoxy- 12,13c Vernonia galamensis (77-81%) or Euphorbia lagascae (60-65%) oil... 

Ayorinde, F.O., C.P. Nwaonicha, V.N. Parchment, K.A. Bryant, M. Hassan, and M.T. Clayton. 1993. Enzymatic synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of 1,3-divemoloyl glycerol from Vernonia galamensis seed oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 70 129-132. 

Thompson, A.E., D.A. Dierig, and K.R. Kleiman. 1994b. Variation in Vernonia galamensis flowering characteristics, seed oil and vernolic acid contents. Ind. Crops 3 175-184. 

Grinberg, S., V. Kolot, and D. Mills, New Chemical Derivatives Based on Vernonia galamensis Oil, Ind. Crops Prod. 3 113-119 (1994). 

Carlson, K.D., and S.P Chang, Chemical Epoxidation of a Natural Unsaturated Epoxy Seed Oil from Vernonia galamensis and a Look at Epoxy Oil Markets, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 62 934-939 (1985). 

ISOLATION OF CYTOCHROME P-450 GENES FROM VERNONIA GALAMENSIS... 

Isolation of Cytochrome P-450 Genes from Vernonia galamensis,... 

Epoxy fatty acids occur in seed oils of Artemisia absinthium and Vernonia galamensis, but not in callus cultures derived from these plants [40,41], In contrast. 

By contrast, vernonia oil is a natural triglyceride that contains a bountiful supply of epoxy groups. It consists mainly of the triglyceride of 12, 13-epoxyoleic acid (Vernonia galamensis, native of Kenya, Africa, collected by Dr. R.E. Perdue, USDA) (18). 

Vernonia" seeds contain about 42% of oil in contrast to soybean seeds, which contain only 17% oil. The maximum seed yield reached at this development stage of Vernonia galamensis is 2227 pounds per acre. Unfortunately, it has not been reproduced. Increased yield of vernonia oil, however, is expected by breeding as greater genetic diversity becomes available and by better management of the crop. The best soybean seed yield is 1926 pounds per acre (1979), which was the best soybean oil year... 

Vernonia oil has been kindly supplied by Dr. K. Carlson from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Its isolation (extraction) from Vernonia galamensis seeds, refining and characterization has been described. 

R. E. Perdue, Jr., Vernonia galamensis, Potential New Industrial Oilseed Crop, USDA, 1987. 

This chapter focuses on the preparation of thermosets, polyesters, and other polymers from industrial oilseeds. Nature has provided a few examples of plant oils that possess multiple functional groups needed for polymer synthesis, such as castor (Ricinus communis), lesquerella (Lesquerella fendleri), and vemonia (Vernonia galamensis) oils, enriched in —OH and epoxide-functionalized fatty acids ricinoleic, lesquerolic, and vemolic acid, respectively (Table 3.1). Many common plant seed oils (eg, soybean, cottonseed, com, soybean, safQower, sunflower, canola, jatropha, and olive oils) are enriched in Ci6—Cig saturated and mono- and diunsaturated fatty acids, such as palmitic (16 0), oleic (18 l-9c), and linoleic (18 2-9c,12c) acids and lesser amounts of a-linolenic acid (18 3-9c,12c,15c) however, linseed (flaxseed), camelina (Camelina saliva). 

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