Physical hazards flammables

Understand the hazardous properties of the materials to be stored and handled (Flammability, Reactivity, Toxicity, Other Hazards), as well as the physical hazards associated with the expected process design. 

Table 2 lists some of the physical, toxicity, flammability, and reactivity properties of common chemicals (10,13,42,45—51). Also given are some of the quantities specified for reporting spills and for compliance with legislated requirements. The OSHA regulations require that material safety data sheets (MSDS) be developed for all process materials, so that the hazard data can be communicated to employees (52). Characteristics of toxicity, flammability, chemical instability, reactivity and reaction energy, operating conditions, and corrosive properties of construction materials must all be considered in analyzing hazard potentials of chemicals and chemical operations. 

Today, almost everyone works or lives with chemicals and chemical prodncts. Over the centuries man has lived in a chemical age, but especially so during the past several decades. Many of the chemical substances can have deleterious effects on animals, humans, and the environment. These substances are capable of causing physical hazards (e.g., lire or explosion) or health hazards (such as systemic toxicity and chemical bums). Improper use of chemical substances causes a wide range of health hazards. It is the responsibility of the user to evaluate each chemical substance and know its potential to cause adverse health effects and pose physical hazards, such as flammability in the workplace. The manufacturers, importers, and distributors of different chemical substances must be sure that containers of hazardous chemicals leaving the workplace are properly labeled with the identity of the chemical and appropriate hazard warnings. In the workplace, each container must be marked with the identity of hazardous chemicals contained in it and must show hazard warnings appropriate for employee protection. 

Hazard is a broad term defined as the ability of a substance to result in consequences that are adverse to human health and the environment and encompasses several subcategories (Table I). The first time students enter a laboratory they are cautioned about physical hazards such as flammability, explosivity, and corrosivity. Physical hazards can be defined as events that cause injury or significant disruption at a well defined, localized level. A discussion of how these physical hazards are derived from their molecular structure is an important component in making students aware that they can influence the potential for ha5 rd as they design new molecules. 

Successful development of a commercial-scale solvent-extraction process depends to a large degree on selection of the most appropriate solvent. Important criteria for solvent selection include price, toxicological constraints, availability, solute selectivity, recovery difficulties, physical properties (water solubility, specific gravity, viscosity, boiling point), and operational hazards (flammability, volatility). Final choice would likely be a compromise among these criteria. 

Physical hazard means a chemical for which there is scientifically valid evidence that it is a combustible liquid, a compressed gas, explosive, flammable, an organic peroxide, an oxidizer, pyrophoric, unstable (reactive) or water-reactive. 

Hazardous Chemical any chemical (see definition) that presents a physical hazard or a health hazard. A substance that possesses potentially hazardous properties (including, but not limited to flammability, toxicity, corrosivity, reactivity). 

Chemical and physical hazards, individual chemicals may exhibit flammability, toxicity poisonous gas is a synonym for toxic gas), corrosivity, oxidizing potential, etc. 

Physical hazards include noise, vibration, extremes of temperature, compressed gases, combustible and flammable chemicals, pyrophorics, explosives, oxidizers, and reactive materials. Process employees are exposed to physical hazards on a daily basis because they woric outside on the unit among pipes containing compressed gases, fluids under high temperatures, and flammable and explosive chemicals. Examples of some these hazards on a process unit might include ... 

Physical Hazards are things that are hazardous because of their physical properties. They include combustible and flammable liquids, compressed gases, explosives, oxidizers, and highly reactive materials. 

It is easy to focus exclusively on the potential toxicological problems that could be encountered in a manufacturing process carcinogenicity, endocrine disruption, mutagenicity, and other acute toxic endpoints are all too real in chemistry. This final principle acknowledges that over and above these concerns physical hazards such as explosivity and flammability must also be considered in a product design. In much the same way as structure activity relationships... 

The production of the process industry often involves hazards. Their nature can be both physical and chemical. Physical hazards derive from operating conditions which may be extreme, such as very low or very high temperatures and pressures. Chemical hazards are those associated with the materials present in the process, which can be toxic, flammable, explosible, or release energy due to spontaneous reactions. Indeed, it is the necessity to put the substances into a reactive state in order to enable one to produce the desired products that may lead to hazards. 

Table 3.1 represents the maximum amount of various classes of materials representing physical hazards allowed in a controlled area, e.g.., laboratories, for a Hazard Class 2 facility. Note that few laboratories will be considered Hazard C lass 2 occupancies. Mo st wiU beconsideredBusinessoccupancies, and the limits on flammables in these facilities will be governed by OSHA regulations. The limits for laboratories will be discussed in detail in a later section dedicated to flammable solvents. Similarly, Table 3.2 does the same for materials which represent health risks for a Hazard Class 4. One factor must be borne in mind, no flammable materials may be stored orused in a space that is below grade, i.e., in major part below ground level. 

In recent years, there has been increasing emphasis placed on the health effects of chemical exposures. However, as has been frequently noted, health effects are much more difficult to quantitatively characterize than most physical safety parameters. It is straightforward to define with reasonable accuracy a number of physical hazards, such as the upper and lower explosive limits of the vapors of a flammable material. However, the exposure levels (see Figure 4.16, taken from the Federal Register Vol. 53, No. 109, June 7, 1988, p. 21342) which will cause a given physiological effect in humans are not nearly as precise, especially if the effect of interest is delayed or is due to prolonged exposure to low levels of a toxic material. 

A substance is a hazardous chemical if it is a physical hazard or a health hazard . A flammable or explosive liquid is a physical hazard . A flammable liquid means any liquid having a flash point below 110 F (37.8 C), except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 100 F (37.8 C) or higher, the total of which make up 99% or more of the total volume of the mixture . Health hazard means a chemical for which diere is statistically significant evidence based on at least one valid study that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed employees . Hexane and all the solvents listed in Table 14.10.3 would require a MSDS, since all are flammable liquids (physical hazards) as defined by OSHA and/or possible healfli hazards because all, except hexane isomers, have an U.S. OSHA PEL. However, hexane isomers have an American Conference of Industrial Hygien-... 

Hence it is necessary for Polymer Foam Board to contain sufficient amount of retardant, together with additional countermeasures to Physical Hazards (fire, explosion) for flammable gas. 

In this paper. Lifecycle Physical Hazards of Extruded Polystyrene was extracted based on the Polymer Foam incident information, where the ignition sources were mainly Spark from Welding and Spark from Static Electricity. Regarding Burned Material, 8.5% were based on Flammable Gas. It seems to be released fix>m Polymer Foam, because Non-Flammable Gas is not used anymore, nowadays. 

In 1980s, since Flammable hydrocarbon blowing gas was used only for EPS, when Warehouse Accident happened, there was no possibility of this kind of incident to other Polymer Foam. However, nowadays, due to global warming problem. Flammable Hydrocarbons are used to most Polymer Foams. Hence it is necessary to take care for the Physical Hazards of Flammable Gas in case of handling Polymer Foam Board. 

Physical hazards. This section provides data related to flammability, reactivity, and explosibility hazards. 

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