Hydrocarbons flammability

Synonyms methyl cyanide, cyanomethane Formula CH3CN MW 41.06 CAS [75-05-8] used as a solvent for polymers boils at 81.6°C solidifies at -45.7°C vapor pressure 73 torr at 20°C density 0.786 g/mL at 20°C readily mixes with water and most organic solvents immiscible with petroleum fractions and some saturated hydrocarbons flammable. 

Some organics, acetic anhydride, metals, alcohols, wood and its derivatives (see the other tables in this chapter dealing with this compound) Aldehydes, alcohols, unsaturated hydrocarbons Flammable liquids, metals, aldehydes, alcohols, impact, hydrocarbons (unsaturated)... 

CSH1S) Compare with alkane i and hydrocarbon. Flammable j liquid compounds found in pe- troleum and natural gas. There are 18 different octanes- they j have different structural formu- las but share the molecular for- mula CgHls. Octane is used as a fuel and as a raw material for building more complex organic molecules. It is the eighth mem-i ber of the alkane series. 

Hydrocarbons Flammable, high volatile organic compound content... 

Class 3 Produced water and hydrocarbons, flammable fiuids, gas systems Class 3 also covers operating conditions more onerous than described Qualified upper limit Qualified upper limit... 

The flammability limits of a hydrocarbon depend on its chemical nature and its molecular weight. Table 4.14 gives values for some common hydrocarbons. 

ButyUithium is available in hydrocarbon media, eg, hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, and toluene in several concentrations, eg, 15, 25, and 90 wt %. It is shipped commercially in 10-, 19-, 106-, 216-, and 454-L cylinders and 1900-L (500-gal) tanks and in bulk in 19,000-L (5,000-gal) tank tmcks and 30,300-L (8,000-gal) rail tank cars. For shipment purposes, / -butyUithium is described as a pyrophoric fuel and is classified as a flammable Hquid. As such, full precautions should be taken according to handling instmctions (100). 

Like //-butyUithium, j iZ-butyUithium is infinitely soluble in most hydrocarbons, such as pentane and hexane. Its solutions in hexane are flammable and pyrophoric and therefore should be handled like //-butyUithium (96,100). j iZ-ButyUithium also is very soluble in ethers, but the ether solutions must be kept cold because ether cleavage is more rapid than in the presence of //—butyUithium (122). j iZ-ButyUithium has a t 2 of 2 d at 25°C in di-//-butyl ether and of 1 d at 25°C in di-//-hexyl ether. 

Control Room. The control room location can be critical to the efficient operation of a faciHty. One prime concern is to locate it the maximum distance from the most ha2ardous units. These units are usually the units where LPG or other flammables, eg, hydrocarbons that are heavier than air, can be released and accumulate at grade level. Deadly explosions can occur if a pump seal on a light-ends system fails and the heavier-than-air hydrocarbons coUect and are ignited by a flammable source. Also, the sulfur recovery unit area should be kept at a healthy distance away as an upset can cause deadly fumes to accumulate. 

The regulation Hsts 137 toxic and reactive substances and a threshold quantity for each. The regulation also appHes to flammable Hquids and gases in quantities of 10,000 lb or more (>4.5 metric tons), except hydrocarbon fuels and Hquids stored in unpressuri2ed, ambient temperature tanks, as weU as to the manufacture of any quantities of explosives (see Exlosives and propellants) and pyrotechnics (qv). 

Zirconium Tetra-n-propylate. Zirconium tetra- -propoxide [23519-77-9], TunipQ ]) mol wt 327.6, is a colorless soHd, melting point, 214°C (95). The commercial product contains about 28% Zr02 and propanol it is a yellow-brown Hquid, density, 65] = 1.05 g/mL solidification point below —70°C flammable, flash point below 21°C, soluble in hydrocarbons. 

Historical Inhalation Agents. Diethyl ether produces excellent surgical anesthesia, but it is flammable (see Ethers). Chloroform is a nonflammable, sweet smelling, colorless Hquid which provides analgesia at nonanesthetic doses and can provide potent anesthesia at 1% (see Chlorocarbons AND CHLOROHYDROCARBONs). However, a metabohte causes hepatic cell necrosis. Tdlene, a nonflammable colorless Hquid, has a slower onset and recovery and a higher toxicity and chemical reactivity than desirable. Cyclopropane is a colorless gas which has rapid induction (2 —3 min) and recovery characteristics and analgesia is obtained in the range of 3—5% with adequate skeletal muscle relaxation (see Hydrocarbons). The use of cyclopropane has ceased, however, because of its flammabiHty and marked predisposition to cause arrhythmias. 

The environmental concerns associated with the use of toluene, a toxic and flammable aromatic hydrocarbon, as a gravure ink solvent must be addressed. Whereas ink manufacturers are working on the development of water-based inks, the slow drying times and poor printing quaUties of the prototype products have impeded commercia1i2ation. Furthermore, the high cost of these materials is seen as a barrier to their introduction. 

Propylene is a colorless gas under normal conditions, has anesthetic properties at high concentrations, and can cause asphyxiation. It does not irritate the eyes and its odor is characteristic of olefins. Propjiene is a flammable gas under normal atmospheric conditions. Vapor-cloud formation from Hquid or vapor leaks is the main ha2ard that can lead to explosion. The autoignition temperature is 731 K in air and 696 K in oxygen (80). Evaporation of Hquid propylene can cause skin bums. Propylene also reacts vigorously with oxidising materials. Under unusual conditions, eg, 96.8 MPa (995 atm) and 600 K, it explodes. It reacts violentiy with NO2, N2O4, and N2O (81). Explosions have been reported when Hquid propylene contacts water at 315—348 K (82). Table 8 shows the ratio TJTp where is the initial water temperature, and T is the superheat limit temperature of the hydrocarbon. 

The metal reacts violently with water, ice, steam, lower molecular weight alcohols, and chloriaated hydrocarbons. In the presence of air/moisture mbidium can act as an ignition source if a flammable organic Hquid or vapor is also present. Rubidium can ignite spontaneously ia the presence of oxygen and tarnishes rapidly when exposed to air. Burning mbidium should only be extinguished with dry powders, such as dolomite or sodium carbonate. 

Benzene [71-43-2] 6 6 volatile, colorless, and flammable liquid aromatic hydrocarbon possessing a distinct, characteristic odor. Benzene is used as a... 

Mixing cellulose esters in nonpolar hydrocarbons, such as toluene or xylene, may result in static electricity buildup that can cause a flash fire or explosion. When adding cellulose esters to any flammable Hquid, an inert gas atmosphere should be maintained within the vessel (132). This risk may be reduced by the use of conductive solvents in combination with the hydrocarbon or by use of an antistatic additive. Protective clothing and devices should be provided. 

Some vent streams, such as light hydrocarbons, can be discharged directly to the atmosphere even though they are flammable and explosive. This can be done because the high-velocity discharge entrains sufficient air to lower the hydrocarbon concentration below the lower explosive limit (API RP 521, 1997). Toxic vapors must be sent to a flare or scrubber to render them harmless. Multiphase streams, such as those discharged as a result of a runaway reaction, for example, must first be routed to separation or containment equipment before final discharge to a flare or scrubber. 

Explosible dusts can also be changed into mixtures which are no longer explosible by the addition of inert dusts (e.g., rock salt, sodium sulrate). In general, inert dust additions of more than 50 wt % are necessary here. It is also possible to replace flammable solvents and cleaning agents by nonflammable halogenated hydrocarbons or water, or flammable pressure transmission fluids by halocarbon oils. 

Sodium (metal). Used as a fine wire or as chips, for more completely drying ethers, saturated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons which have been partially dried (for example with calcium chloride or magnesium sulfate). Unsuitable for acids, alcohols, alkyl halides, aldehydes, ketones, amines and esters. Reacts violently if water is present and can cause a fire with highly flammable liquids. 

Fuels such as diesel and kerosene readily absorb hydrocarbon vapors, the total uptake and absorption rate depending on both chemical and physical factors. If a soluble test gas is introduced above a charged test oil the concentration of flammable test gas therefore decreases with time. Liquid mist and spray produced by charged liquid increase the absorption rate relative to a quiescent liquid surface. As discussed in A-5-4, absorption could lead to an underestimation of test gas MIE near the liquid surface unless the rate of test gas introduction is sufficiently high to offset the rate of removal. Table 3-8.1.2 shows solubilities of a selection of gases in a mineral-based transformer oil at ambient temperature and pressure [200]. 

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