Phosphorus dispersants

USP 3314836(1967) CA 66, 10934(1967) (Military flame-producing compns consist of colloidal yellow phosphorus dispersed in a flammable medium. A typical compn ... 

Fig. 2.4. Type of dispersants Mannich base, polyisobutylene succinate ester (succinates), polyisobutylene amine succinimide (succinimides, PIBS) and phosphorus dispersant...

Internal surfaces were covered with a tan deposit layer up to 0.033 in. (0.084 cm) thick. The deposits were analyzed by energy-dispersive spectroscopy and were found to contain 24% calcium, 17% silicon, 16% zinc, 11% phosphorus, 7% magnesium, 2% each sodium, iron, and sulfur, 1% manganese, and 18% carbonate by weight. The porous corrosion product shown in Fig. 13.11B contained 93% copper, 3% zinc, 3% tin, and 1% iron. Traces of sulfur and aluminum were also found. Near external surfaces, up to 27% of the corrosion product was sulfur. 

Dispersants To keep insoluble combustion and oxidation products in suspension and dispersed Salts of phenolic derivatives polymers containing barium, sulphur and phosphorus calcium or barium soaps of petroleum sulphonic acids... 

PCA 16 is available as Beldene 161/164 (50/35% w/w solids), Acumer 4161 (50%), and Polysperse (50%). These are low-phosphorus content materials that have found application in boiler FW formulations because of excellent sludge conditioning and particulate dispersion properties. The number 16 represents a 16 1 w/w ratio of acrylic acid and sodium hypophosphite, giving PCA 16 a MW range of 3,300 to 3,900. PCA 16 is particularly effective for the control of calcium carbonate and sulfate deposition. It is usually incorporated with other polymers in formulations and is approved for use under U.S. CFR 21, 173.310. 

Surfactants are prepared which contain carboxylic acid ester or amide chains and terminal acid groups selected from phosphoric acid, carboxymethyl, sulfuric acid, sulfonic acid, and phosphonic acid. These surfactants can be obtained by reaction of phosphoric acid or phosphorus pentoxide with polyhydroxystearic acid or polycaprolactone at 180-190°C under an inert gas. They are useful as polymerization catalysts and as dispersing agents for fuel, diesel, and paraffin oils [69]. 

The dispersing ability of surfactants is important in many applications. The possibility of varying the HLB of phosphorus-containing surfactants in a broad range and their ability to form polyacid anions lead to a great interest in phosphorus-containing surfactants as dispersants. 

A process is described for the production of finely divided gelatin-free dispersions of photographic additives in an aqueous medium in the presence of a high-boiling solvent and a phosphorus-containing surfactant. Thus, a yellow... 

A mixture of monolauryl phosphate sodium salt and triethylamine in H20 was treated with glycidol at 80°C for 8 h to give 98% lauryl 2,3-dihydro-xypropyl phosphate sodium salt [304]. Dyeing aids for polyester fibers exist of triethanolamine salts of ethoxylated phenol-styrene adduct phosphate esters [294], Fatty ethanolamide phosphate surfactant are obtained from the reaction of fatty alcohols and fatty ethanolamides with phosphorus pentoxide and neutralization of the product [295]. A double bond in the alkyl group of phosphoric acid esters alter the properties of the molecule. Diethylethanolamine salt of oleyl phosphate is effectively used as a dispersant for antimony oxide in a mixture of xylene-type solvent and water. The composition is useful as an additive for preventing functional deterioration of fluid catalytic cracking catalysts for heavy petroleum fractions. When it was allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 month it shows almost no precipitation [241]. 

Chemical methods. A known volume of the gas is passed over a suitable absorbent, the increase in mass of which is measured. The efficiency of the process can be checked by arranging a number of vessels containing absorbent in series and ascertaining that the increase in mass in the last of these is negligible. The method is very accurate but is laborious. Satisfactory absorbents for water vapour are phosphorus pentoxide dispersed in pumice, and concentrated sulphuric acid. 

This combination has, in the past, been the base of various impact sensitive pyrotechnics, described by Haarmann [1] and more recently on the Internet, including reference to a report [2] of a mere 60-70 kg, dispersed in children s toy caps, demolishing a building in an accidental explosion. Red phosphorus is a material of variable composition and reactivity, so unreliability is to be anticipated. There have been passivating components in most of these mixtures, it is suggested that the pure dry powders will often react on contact. For the more reactive white allotrope ... 

In the preparation of triphenylphosphine from chlorobenzene, phosphorus trichloride and sodium dispersed in toluene or xylene, the possibility of explosion is avoided by adding about 1 mol% of a lower alcohol, based on sodium usage. 

White phosphorus has an autoignition temperature only shghtly above ambient, dispersed it will soon heat itself to that by the slow oxidation responsible for its glow. Red is not spontaneously combustible, however if it does catch fire white will be produced, so that the fire, once extinguished, may spontaneously re-ignite. Both can produce phosphine, among other products, by slow reaction with water. Sealed containers of damp phosphorus (white is often stored under water) may pressurise with highly toxic, pyrophoric, gas mixtures [1]. 

The 12 RP fragments cap alternately the Cu4 faces of the Cu24 polyhedron, resulting in fivefold-coordinated phosphorus atoms. This structure resembles that of the recently described [Cu24(NPh)i4]4 anionic cluster (40). The Cu-P and Si-P distances are unremarkable. The construction principle of parallel Cu layers to form a metal-like package has also been observed for other Cu clusters (41). The main reason for the different structures of Cu2PR and Li2PR clusters is the covalent character of the Cu-P bond, with the additional involvement of favorable Cu-Cu interactions. The latter are probably due to relativistic d10-d10 interactions (dispersion-type of interaction) (42, 43). 

Precipitation inhibitors, dispersants contrasted, 3 686 Precipitation leachate procedure, synthetic, 25 868-869 Precipitation reactions, for niobium and tantalum determination, 27 142-143 Precipitation reagents, protein, 22 133 Precipitation with compressed antisolvent (PCA) process, 24 17, 18 Precipitator dust, in phosphorus manufacture, 19 12 Precipitators, electrostatic, 23 180 Precision agriculture, 23 328 26 269-270 Precision measurement techniques, noble gases in, 27 370 Precision scales, 26 245 Preconcentration, of uranium ores, 25 401 Pre-crosslinked polychloroprene grades, 19 852... 

Buchan [92] has carried out a study using electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, to determine the location and nature of the stored phosphorus in activated sludge samples from seven different treatment plants in South Africa, which all show enhanced phosphorus removal. The results indicate that there is a biological mechanism of enhanced phosphorus uptake in activated sludge. 

Phosphorus nuclei have been used for many years in in vivo NMR, especially for intracellular pH measurements. However, because most organic phosphates have similar chemical shifts, compound identification can be difficult without special attention being paid to culture conditions in the NMR tube.15 Carbon NMR also yields significant results because of the large chemical shift dispersion and narrow lines of this nucleus. 13C spectra reflect most of the chemical rearrangements that may take place between substrate and final product. 

Briefly, liposomes (10mM) were incubated for 30minutes at 37°C for egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) and at 60°C for HSPC-based liposomes with 50 X 10 dpm of methylamine (1 x 10 dpm/mole). At the end of incubation an aliquot of this mixture was passed down a Sephadex G-50 minispin column equilibrated in 10 mM histidine-sucrose buffer 10%, pH 6.7 buffer. Liposomes were eluted at the column void volume and separated from the unencapsulated methylamine. The concentration of liposomes in the original liposomal dispersion and in the void volume fraction was determined from the organic phosphorus (phospholipid) concentration (see section Lipid Quantification and Chemical Stability above) (10,49,53). 

Sodltsn perborate, dispersed In water, enhances the degradation rate of phosphorus esters. It owes Its reactivity to hydroperoxyl anion, a powerful nucleophile, which Is produced by dissociation of FB In aqueous solution. Because of Its stability, commercial availability, and great reactivity we recommend PB as a detoxicant for hazardous OF wastes. 

In the specific case of wastewater generated from the condenser water bleedoff in the production of elemental phosphorus from phosphate rock in an electric furnace, Yapijakis [33] reported that the flow varies from 10 to 100 gpm (2.3-23 m /hour), depending on the particular installation. The most important contaminants in this waste are elemental phosphoms, which is colloidally dispersed and may ignite if allowed to dry out, and fluorine, which is also present in the furnace gases. The general characteristics of this type of wastewater (if no soda ash or ammonia were added to the condenser water) are given in Table 9. 

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