Phosphorus yellow

C, b.p. —88 C. Formed water on Ca3P2 or yellow phosphorus plus NaOH solu-... 

Phosphine Phosphoric acid Phosphorus (yellow) Phosphorus pentachloride... 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Yellow phosphorus Chemical Formula P. 

Yellow phosphorus was the first identified liver toxin. It causes accumulation of lipids in the liver. Several liver toxins such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and bromobenzene have since been identified. I he forms of acute liver toxicity are accumulation of lipids in the liver, hepartxiellular necrosis, iii-trahepatic cholestasis, and a disease state that resembles viral hepatitis. The types of chrome hepatotoxicity are cirrhosis and liver cancer. 

Toxic Reactions of the Skin Irritation is the most common reaction of the skin. Skin irritation is usually a local inflammatory reaction. The most common skin irritants are solvents dehydrating, oxidizing, or reducing compounds and cosmetic compounds. Acids and alkalies are common irritants. Irritation reactions can be divided into acute irritation and corrosion. Necrosis of the surface of the skin is typical for corrosion. Acids and alkalies also cause chemical burns. Phenols, organotin compounds, hydrogen fluoride, and yellow phosphorus may cause serious burns. Phenol also causes local anesthesia, in fact it has been used as a local anesthetic in minor ear operations such as puncture of the tympanous membrane in cases of otitis. ... 

Boron or yellow phosphorus explode violently on grinding with lead dioxide, while red phosphorus ignites [1]. Mixtures with sulfur ignite on grinding or addition of sulfuric acid [2], An initiating mixture of silicon and lead dioxide (2 1) attains a temperature around 1100°C after ignition by a small flame [3],... 

Both yellow and red phosphorus ignite on contact with fluorine and chlorine red ignites in liquid bromine or in a heptane solution of chlorine at 0°C. Yellow phosphorus explodes in liquid bromine or chlorine, and ignites in contact with bromine vapour or solid iodine [1]. Interaction of bromine and white phosphorus in carbon disulfide gives a slimy by-product which explodes violently on heating [2], Interaction of phosphorus and iodine in carbon disulfide is rather rapid [3], A less hazardous preparation of diphosphorus tetraiodide from phosphorus trichloride and potassium iodide in ether is recommended [4],... 

Yellow phosphorus ignites in molten ammonium nitrate, and mixtures of phosphorus with ammonium nitrate, mercuiy(I) nitrate or silver nitrate explode on impact. Red phosphorus is oxidised vigorously when heated with potassium nitrate [1]. During development of new refining agents for aluminium manufacture, a mixture containing red phosphorus (16%) and sodium nitrate (35%) was being pressed into 400 g tablets. When the die pressure was increased to 70 bar, a violent explosion occurred [2],... 

Boron reacts with sulfur at 600°C becoming incandescent [1]. Mixtures of sulfur with lamp black or freshly calcined charcoal ignite spontaneously, probably owing to adsorbed oxygen on the catalytic surface [2], Mixtures of yellow phosphorus and sulfur ignite and/or explode on heating [3], Ignition of an intimate mixture of red phosphorus and sulfur causes a violent exothermic reaction [4],... 

Addison and Ackman [69] have described a direct determination of elementary yellow phosphorus in mud in which the phosphorus is extracted with benzene or isooctane. Gas chromatographic separation is achieved on a 2mx3mm column packed with 3% OV-1 or SE-30 on Chromosorb W maintained at 100 or 120°C respectively. The carrier gas was helium (80ml m 1). A flame photometric detector with a 526nm filter at 200°C was employed. Down to lpg of phosphorus could be determined. 

Toxicology. Yellow phosphorus fume is an irritant of the respiratory tract and eyes the solid in contact with the skin produces deep thermal burns. Prolonged absorption of phosphorus causes necrosis of facial bones. 

Yellow phosphorus burns spontaneously in air, and the vapor released is irritating to the respiratory tract. The early signs of systemic intoxication by phosphorus are abdominal pain, jaundice, and a garlic odor of the breath prolonged intake may cause anemia, as well as cachexia and necrosis of bone, involving typically the maxilla and mandible (phossy jaw). In chronic phosphorus intoxication, lowered potassium blood levels or increased chloride concentrations along with leukopenia have also been reported. ... 

Yellow phosphorus fume causes severe eye irritation with blepharospasm, photophobia, and lacrimation the solid in the eye produces severe injury. Phosphorus burns on the skin are deep and painful a firm eschar is produced and is surrounded by vesiculation. ... 

The 2003 ACGIH threshold limit value-time-weighted average (TLV-TWA) for yellow phosphorus is 0.02 ppm (O.lmg/m ). 

Yellow phosphorus (known also as white phosphorus) is produced by reducing phosphate rock (calcium phosphate or calcium fluorophosphate) with carbon in the presence of silica as flux heat of reaction is furnished by an electric-arc furnace. 

It is observed that in the case of simultaneous saturation of two or more phases, the phase that forms first is often the least stable, or the most disordered, especially at room temperatures. For example, in aqueous solutions, opal (disordered) often forms but the more stable quartz rarely forms. Over a very long time, opal may "mature" to become quartz. The same is true for the formation of calcite (as compared dolomite), and analbite (as compared to albite). From the vapor phase, phosphorous vapor condenses first to yellow phosphorus (high entropy), instead of the more stable red phosphorous (low entropy)... 

Fig. 2. Structure of fluorapatite. Projection on the (001) cristallographic plane, perpendicular to the c axis of the hexagonal structure. (Reproduced by permission of lUCrfrom Ref. [2]). Purple Calcium green Fluorine red Oxygen yellow Phosphorus. (See Colour Plate Section at the end of this book.)...

USP 3314836(1967) CA 66, 10934(1967) (Military flame-producing compns consist of colloidal yellow phosphorus dispersed in a flammable medium. A typical compn ... 

Fenian Fire (Feu liquide in Fr). Incendiary compn consisting of a soln of yellow phosphorus in CS.J After evapn of the solv, phosphorus catches fire and ignites the surrounding flammable materials. Darapski proposed charging incendiary projectiles with the soln consisting of yellow phosphorus (3p) and CS2 (1.3p). Inside this soln was placed a leather bag contg petr oil with other combustible materials Ref Daniel (1902), 153... 

Reduction of nitro compounds with yellow phosphorus [55] (Eq. 53). 

PHOSPHORUS WHITE Yellow phosphorus Flammable Solid, I 3 3 t ... 

The gaseous WP (P4) is distilled from the furnace by condensing with water. The WP allotrope that is formed by this process is a white waxy solid with a m.p. of 45 °C that should be kept under water to prevent its contact with air where it spontaneously ignites because of its extreme reactivity. It is also known as yellow phosphorus because most commercially-produced material exhibits yellow coloration. Red phosphorus (RP) is thermodynamically more stable than the white... 

In the latter, the valency angles must be about 100°, so the layers cannot be flat. Their shape is obtained if, in Figure 38, the atoms shown with the clear circles are displaced somewhat below the plane of the paper and the shaded ones similarly, above it. If the layers formed in this way are then arranged on top of one another, the crystal structure of the elements arsenic, antimony and bismuth are obtained in their normal forms in which they have metallic properties. There also exists a modification of phosphorus with a similar structure. In addition, there are other forms of arsenic and antimony, the properties of which correspond to those of yellow phosphorus these forms contain molecules p As4 and Sb4. 

Under similar conditions thionyl chloride reacts with both red and yellow phosphorus with formation of phosphorus trichloride according to the equation ... 

Chlorosulphonic acid possesses a strong chlorinating power and converts sulphur, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and tin into the corresponding chlorides, sulphur dioxide together with sulphuric and hydrochloric acids being simultaneously produced.8 With sulphur and with yellow phosphorus interaction occurs at the ordinary temperature, often becoming uncontrollable with the latter element. 

The trioxide possesses marked oxidising properties, in the exercise of which it is generally reduced to the dioxide. Yellow phosphorus soon inflames in the vapour at the ordinary temperature, some of the trioxide being reduced even to sulphur.6 Phosphine is oxidised by solid sulphur trioxide with formation of phosphorus.7 Phosphorus trichloride... 

In organic solvents dissolved selenium is generally in the form of more complex molecules. In concentrated solutions using, for example, diphenyl or anthraquinone as solvent, the molecular weight of selenium is represented by Seg (yellow phosphorus as solvent gives a similar result), whilst in methylene iodide the molecular condition is stated to be represented by Se10. On dilution of these solutions the selenium undergoes disruption into smaller molecules.4... 

Sulphur, selenium and tellurium are soluble in the oxychloride in the cold, but on heating, reaction may take place. Sulphur interacts to form selenium monochloride, sulphur monochloride and sulphur dioxide. Tellurium is converted into its tetrachloride. Both red and yellow phosphorus react violently with the oxychloride, forming phosphorus pentoxide and selenium mono- and tetra-chlorides. Carbon, silicon and boron are unattacked. 

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