Philosophy of design

The research reactor shall be designed in such a way that the safety objectives (see para. 2.2) are achieved. The general design requirements in this section shall be applied in the design of all types of research reactor. 

Application of these requirements is an interactive process and shall be implemented in all phases of design, with account taken of the results of an accompanying safety analysis (see also paras 2.7 and 6.72-6.78). 

The reactor designer shall consider not only the reactor itself but also any associated facilities that may affect safety. In addition, the reactor designer shall also consider the effects of the reactor as designed on the associated facilities and the implications of the design in all the stages of the reactor s lifetime (e.g. in terms of service conditions, electromagnetic fields and other interferences). 

The mode of operation (e.g. operation on demand rather than continuous operation, operation at different power levels, operation with different core configurations and operation with different nuclear fuels) and the stability of the reactor at different levels of operating power should be given due consideration in the design of the safety systems. 

Application of the defence in depth concept requires the inclusion of equipment, consisting of safety systems and safety related items or systems, and procedures to prevent and control deviations from operational states and to prevent and mitigate accident conditions, or to ensure appropriate protection in the event that prevention fads. This equipment, and in particular the equipment used to implement levels 2-4 of para. 2.6, which usuaUy consists of safety systems and engineered safety features, shall be subject to special design requirements. 

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A philosophy of design is required that will allow the designer to combine effluents for treatment when it is appropriate, but also segregate them if it is appropriate. Consider now the targeting of minimum treatment flowrate for a given set of effluent streams that need to be treated to bring the concentration to below an environmental discharge limit. 

Distributed effluent treatment requires that a philosophy of design be adopted that segregates effluent for treatment wherever appropriate, and combines it for treatment where appropriate. Various primary, secondary and tertiary treatment processes are available to achieve the required discharge concentrations. 

Organizations that do not provide such information, do not have any accountability standards to meet or achieve, and therefore he safety of the facility will suffer accordingly. Additionally the objectives of design standards and guidelines can be more fully understood if a philosophy of design is documented. 

The facts governing the philosophy of design, operation, and modification of SLS system are as follows ... 

It is well known that in detection systems the radiation noise level decreases as the temperature of the sensing elements is lowered. In some cases, the improvement in sensitivity is dramatic, particularly in infrared systems. This alone justifies considerable technical effort to develop improved means for maintaining such Ipwered temperatures. It may be profit leto analyze some general factors which prevail in the philosophy of design of cryogenic equipment for infrared application. They are summarized in the following ... 

Waks, L.J, (2001) Donald Schon s Philosophy of Design and design Education, International Journal of Technology... 

Design-Build Institute of America (DBIA) http //www.dbia.org/ (accessed November 3, 2010). The DBIA is a member organization that promotes the philosophy of design and build in construction. The site offers a database of design-build projects, an e-commerce section containing publications detailing the model contract forms available, a mission statement, membership information, courses, a manbers area, and a summary on the design-build process. 

The network can now be designed using the pinch design method.The philosophy of the pinch design method is to start at the pinch and move away. At the pinch, the rules for the CP inequality and the number of streams must be obeyed. Above the utility pinch and below the process pinch in Fig. 16.17, there is no problem in applying this philosophy. However, between the two pinches, there is a problem, since designing away from both pinches could lead to a clash where both meet. 

It is important to note that the worst case should be something that is reahstic, not something that is conceivable but extremely unlikely. The Dow Chemical Company has adopted the following philosophy for design scenarios in terms of independent causative effects ... 

The solution that has been adopted by makers of composite soundboards is to fabricate a sandwich structure where a layer of high-quality cardboard is glued between two identical layers of CFRP (Fig. 28.22). The philosophy of this design modification is to replace some CFRP by a much lighter material in those regions that contribute least to the overall stiffness of the section. 

Design is a reflection on the comments made earlier. The popularity of SPC is shown for comparison to gauge the philosophies of off-line and on-line quality. 

Evbuomwan, N. F. O., Sivaloganathan, S. and Webb, J. 1996 A Survey of Design Philosophies, Models, Methods and Systems. Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs, Part B, 210(B4), 301-320. 

What is the maintenance philosophy of the system This dictates what sort of protection schemes and physical design would match the application. 

Theoretical work or compressor head is the heart and substance of compressor design. Some basic form of understanding must be devel oped even if involvement with compressors is less than that of design of the machine itself. Proper applications cannot be made if this understanding is absent. The following theoretical evaluations will be abbreviated as much as possible to reduce the length and still present the philosophy. For the reader with the ambition and desire, the presentation will be an outline to which the reader can fill in the spaces. 

The pilot plant stage Is vital in the scale-up of any new resin process, and in this paper we discuss the design philosophy of pilot plants and then describe two fully Instrumented and computer data logged reactors. Some indication is given of the use of the extracted data for both modelling and scale up. Both controlled and data logged parameters are tabulated and an example of data extraction for heat balance is illustrated. 

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