Accidents mitigation

Kletz emphasized an extra effort to generate three levels of recommendations for preventing and mitigating accidents ... 

Normal and emergency operating procedures should be developed and/or improved to reduce incident initiation and mitigate accidents during shutdown modes. 

Criterion 2 SSCs that are relied upon in the safety analyses to function/actuate to prevent or mitigate accidents or transients that involve the assumed failure of, or present a challenge to, the integrity of a physical barrier that prevents the uncontrolled release of radioactive materials. 

Systematically identify, evaluate, and control hazards in order to prevent (or mitigate) accidents. 

One example is a summary report on the research that led to the introduction of the center high mounted stoplamp from 1985 [47]. The overall effectiveness in the sense of Eq.2.12 for the center high mounted stoplamp was determined by operational field and effectiveness. The operational field was defined as the number of all rear end accidents. The effectiveness was estimated from different studies (most of them FOTs) and has to be regarded as much more valid than, for example, an expert opinion. The average effectiveness was found to be 50%. In addition, an overall monetary benefit was calculated, first on the basis of avoided accidents, secondly using a cost-based (monetary) approach for both avoided and mitigated accidents. As a result it was possible to give a cost benefit ratio for the measure, which was found to be 0.1 [47]. 

To identify accident management measures that could be carried out to mitigate accident effects. 

The design of QP300 uses the active safety system to mitigate accidents. 

FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS OF B O TASK FORCE TO MITIGATE ACCIDENTS... 

Final Recommendations of B and 0 Task Force to Mitigate Accidents... 

Typical onsite electrical distribution systems for plants use diesel generators as an emergency source of power. These emergency power sources supply safety-related equipment, which is used to prevent or mitigate accidents, in the event of a loss of offsite power. 

An FPS actuation which results in an adverse interaction with the safety systems of the plant or the secondary effects of a fire could reduce the availability of systems needed to achieve and keep safe plant shutdown conditions or to mitigate accident consequences. 

Application of the defence in depth concept requires the inclusion of equipment, consisting of safety systems and safety related items or systems, and procedures to prevent and control deviations from operational states and to prevent and mitigate accident conditions, or to ensure appropriate protection in the event that prevention fads. This equipment, and in particular the equipment used to implement levels 2-4 of para. 2.6, which usuaUy consists of safety systems and engineered safety features, shall be subject to special design requirements. 

High design pressure of SG and secondary system. Feed / steam system designed for reactor coolant system pressure. No SG safety valve. SG transient Section isolation mitigates accident consequences... 

CAREM safety systems are based on passive features obviating the need for actions to mitigate accidents during a long period (Fig. ni-3). They are duplicated to fulfil redundancy criteria. The shutdown system should be diversified to fulfil Argentine regulations. 

The CAREM safety systems are based on passive features and obviate the necessity for actions to mitigate accidents during an extended period. 

NRC requirements establish that all SSCs can be evaluated to verify the pertinence of their inclusion in MR. If the SSC is directly related to safety, can mitigate accidents or transients, is part of Emergency Operational Procedures (EOPs), can prevent other SSC of performing their safety functions, or causes a reactor shutdown or a safety system actuation, the SSC will be put within the MR scope. Otherwise, it remains under the existing maintenance program, outside the MR scope. The MR simplified flowchart may be found in (NRC, 2014). 

Motorcyclists account for 16% of fatalities, which is much higher than their contribution to traffic [CAR 09]. While some projects have considered VRUs from a safety viewpoint, they often aimed at avoiding or mitigating accidents with VRUs by equipping the vehicle and infrastracture. In the vehicle - infrastmcture - human approach of ITS research, VRUs and their needs are not an active part of the human element in the ITS approach. 

---