Extraction pharmaceuticals

Malt consists of the grain of barley, Hordeum distichon (family Grami-neae), partially germinated and dried. Maltose is the major carbohydrate of malt and malt extracts. Pharmaceutically, extract of malt is used as a vehicle for the administration of cod-liver oil, and the liquid extract is given with haemoglobin, extract of cascara and various salts. 

The flavour and modern phytopharmaceutical industries have made big changes to the traditional pharmaceutical extraction processes. Whereas ethanol was really the only significant solvent apart from water used by the traditional pharmaceutical extractors, solvents such as hexane and acetone have been used by flavour companies to make soft-extract oleoresins for natural flavour components. Sub- and supercritical carbon dioxide and also some fluorohydrocarbons are now used to produce some very high-quality extracts. Modern concentration and drying processes such as reverse osmosis, spray-drying and freeze-drying... 

Antibacterial Complex pharmaceuticals Extraction of fragrances Hexane Solvent in polymerization Organic solvents... 

Rhizopus nigricans (Mucor stolonifer), commonly known as Black Mold or Black Bread Mold, is frequently found on bread, jellies, syrups, acetic pharmaceutical extracts and other substrata, where it forms a dense thready mycelium bearing numerous black tiny spore cases. The source of this mold is the spores, which are found in the air or water with which the attacked substratum is... 

Pharmaceuticals Extraction of mercury with /V-phenylcinnamo-hydroxamic acid measurement of absorbance at 390 nm Spectrophoto- metry No data No data Agrawal and Desai 1985... 

Many pharmaceutical extractions do not lend themselves to simple straightforward analytical solutions. Rarely is there a case of simple extraction of a single solute from a clean feed with pure solvent. There may well be solids present which can stabilize emulsions and cause excessive entrainment. Usually, more than one solute is present, so selectivity as well as extent of extraction becomes important. Also, the solvent may contain residual solute from the solvent recovery section. Again, suppliers of extraction equipment should be contacted for their help in solving real industrial extraction problems. 

Uses Unsat. polyester resin comonomer solvent, plasticizer in vinyl, polyester, and polyurethane resins plasticizer for polyvinyl alcohol dehydrating agent for natural gas solvent, lubricant for textile dyeing/printing solvent for printing inks, dyes, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals extraction solvent humectant for tobacco, printing inks, cork chem. intermediate plasticizer in food-contact polymers and coatings in food-pkg. adhesives in cellophane for food pkg. in surf, lubricants for mfg. of food-conta[Pg.4521]

SD alcohol 1 SD alcohol 2-B SD alcohol 3-A SD alcohol 3-C solvent, petroleum refining Hexylene glycol Propionitrile solvent, pharmaceutical creams/lotions Deodorized kerosene solvent, pharmaceutical extraction Hexane... 

Crude chlorophyll is prepared commercially from alfalfa meal or nettles by extraction with alcohol and partition into benzene. It is used as a colouring matter, particularly for foods and pharmaceutical products. 

Clinical Analysis Clinical, pharmaceutical, and forensic labs make frequent use of gas chromatography for the analysis of drugs. Because the sample s matrix is often incompatible with the GC column, analytes generally must be isolated by extraction. Figure 12.25b shows how gas chromatography can be used in monitoring blood alcohol levels. 

The behavior of drops in the centrifugal field has been studied (211) and the residence times and mass-transfer rates have been measured (212). PodbieHiiak extractors have been widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, eg, for the extraction of penicillin, and are increasingly used in other fields as weU. Commercial units having throughputs of up to 98 m /h (26,000 gal/h) have been reported. 

Pharmaceutical Processes. The pharmaceutical industry is a principal user of extraction because many pharmaceutical intermediates and products ate heat-sensitive and cannot be processed by methods such as distillation. A usehil broad review can be found in the Hterature (241). 

Miscellaneous Pharmaceutical Processes. Solvent extraction is used for the preparation of many products that ate either isolated from naturally occurring materials or purified during synthesis. Among these are sulfa dmgs, methaqualone [72-44-6] phenobarbital [50-06-6] antihistamines, cortisone [53-06-5] estrogens and other hormones (qv), and reserpine [50-55-5] and alkaloids (qv). Common solvents for these appHcations are chloroform, isoamyl alcohol, diethyl ether, and methylene chloride. Distribution coefficient data for dmg species are important for the design of solvent extraction procedures. These can be determined with a laboratory continuous extraction system (AKUEVE) (244). 

Another group of natural flavoring ingredients comprises those obtained by extraction from certain plant products such as vanilla beans, Hcotice root, St. John s bread, orange and lemon peel, coffee, tea, kola nuts, catechu, cherry, elm bark, cocoa nibs, and gentian root. These products are used in the form of alcohohc infusions or tinctures, as concentrations in alcohol, or alcohol—water extractions termed fluid or soHd extracts. Official methods for their preparation and specifications for all products used in pharmaceuticals are described (54,55). There are many flavor extracts for food use for which no official standards exist the properties of these are solely based on suitabiUty for commercial appHcations (56). 

Farm animals produce recombinant proteins less expensively than bacteria or cells in culture because the farm animals produce large volumes of milk containing up to 5 g/L of recombinant protein. In addition, modifications to the proteins that can be performed only by mammalian cells are made by the cells of the mammary gland. Therefore, numerous pharmaceuticals that previously could only be made by cells in culture or extracted from human tissue or blood are being produced by lactating farm animals. 

Other than fuel, the largest volume appHcation for hexane is in extraction of oil from seeds, eg, soybeans, cottonseed, safflower seed, peanuts, rapeseed, etc. Hexane has been found ideal for these appHcations because of its high solvency for oil, low boiling point, and low cost. Its narrow boiling range minimises losses, and its low benzene content minimises toxicity. These same properties also make hexane a desirable solvent and reaction medium in the manufacture of polyolefins, synthetic mbbers, and some pharmaceuticals. The solvent serves as catalyst carrier and, in some systems, assists in molecular weight regulation by precipitation of the polymer as it reaches a certain molecular size. However, most solution polymerization processes are fairly old it is likely that those processes will be replaced by more efficient nonsolvent processes in time. 

Catechol is produced by coproduction with hydroquinone starting from phenol. Other techniques such as coal extraction remain marginal. The installed capacities (- 25,000 t/yr) are now sufficient to cover the demand. Catechol is mainly used for synthesis in food, pharmaceutical, or agrochemical ingredients. A specific appHcation of / fZ-butylcatechol is as a polymerisation inhibitor. 

Other uses include use as a reaction and extraction solvent in pharmaceutical production as an intermediate for the preparation of catalysts, antioxidants (qv), and perfumes and as a feedstock in the production of methyl isopropenyl ketone, 2,3-butanedione, and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide. Concern has also arisen at the large volume of exported MEK which has been covertly diverted and used to process cocaine in Latin American countries... 

Quantitative mass spectrometry, also used for pharmaceutical appHcations, involves the use of isotopicaHy labeled internal standards for method calibration and the calculation of percent recoveries (9). Maximum sensitivity is obtained when the mass spectrometer is set to monitor only a few ions, which are characteristic of the target compounds to be quantified, a procedure known as the selected ion monitoring mode (sim). When chlorinated species are to be detected, then two ions from the isotopic envelope can be monitored, and confirmation of the target compound can be based not only on the gc retention time and the mass, but on the ratio of the two ion abundances being close to the theoretically expected value. The spectrometer cycles through the ions in the shortest possible time. This avoids compromising the chromatographic resolution of the gc, because even after extraction the sample contains many compounds in addition to the analyte. To increase sensitivity, some methods use sample concentration techniques. 

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