Pharmaceuticals liquid extraction

Jelic A, Petrovic M, Barcelo D (2009) Multi-residue method for trace level determination of pharmaceuticals in solid samples using pressurized liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography/quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Talanta 80 363-371... 

Nieto A, Borrull F, Marce RM, Pocurull E (2007) Selective extraction of sulfonamides, macrolides and other pharmaceuticals from sewage sludge by presurized liquid extraction. J Chromatogr A 1174 125-131... 

Xu R.N. et al., 2006. A monolithic-phase based online extraction approach for determination of pharmaceutical compounds in human plasma by HPLC-MS/MS and a comparison with liquid-liquid extraction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 40 728. 

The most important area in the pharmaceutical and related industries for the application of thermodynamic models is in solid-liquid equilibria. Once developed these same models are applicable to a range of unit operations. Aqueous solubility and concerns about pharmaceuticals in the environment is an obvious extension. Liquid-Liquid extraction and distillation are frequently used operations, and techniques that predict the partitioning and impact of... 

Liquid-Liquid extraction is a versatile and dependable separation technique wherein an aqueous solution is usually brought into contact with another organic solvent, exclusively immiscible with the former, so as to affect a legitimate and actual transfer of either one or more solutes into the latter. The normal-feasible separations which can thus be achieved are found to be rather easy, fast, convenient and effective resonably. Invariably such separations may be performed by shaking the two liquids in a separatory funnel for a few minutes and may be extended either to large quantities of pharmaceutical substances or trace levels. 

Liquid-liquid extraction is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of drugs and isolation of natural products [9]. These products are often heat sensitive and cannot be recovered by methods such as atmospheric distillation or evaporation. Owing to competition, little detailed information is available on current commercial operations. A classic example and the best documented, which has encountered problems... 

Barron L, Tobin J, Pauli B (2008) Multi-residue determination of pharmaceuticals in sludge and sludge enriched soils using pressurized liquid extraction, solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Environ Monit 10 353-361... 

Malt consists of the grain of barley, Hordeum distichon (family Grami-neae), partially germinated and dried. Maltose is the major carbohydrate of malt and malt extracts. Pharmaceutically, extract of malt is used as a vehicle for the administration of cod-liver oil, and the liquid extract is given with haemoglobin, extract of cascara and various salts. 

Some of the materials for which chromatographic separation should be considered are essential oils, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, pharmaceuticals, metal chelates, isotopes, and dose-boiling isomers. For easy separations, vacuum distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, and fractional crystallization are less expensive. 

Pan JW, Jiang XY, Chen YL (2010) Automatic supported liquid extraction (SLE) coupled with HILIC-MS/MS an application to method development and validation of erlotinib in human plasma. Pharmaceutics 2 105-118... 

SOLVENT extraction (liquid-liquid extraction) is the separation and/or concentration of the components of a solution by distribution between two immiscible liquid phases. A particularly valuable feature is its power to separate mixtures into components according to their chemical type. Solvent extraction is widely used in the chemical industry. Its applications range from hydrometallurgy, e.g., reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel, to fertilizer manufacture and from petrochemicals to pharmaceutical products. Important factors in industrial extraction are the selection of an appropriate solvent and the design of equipment most suited to the process requirements. 

Verrall, M. S. (1992). Liquid-liquid partition in the pharmaceutical industry. In Science and Practice of Liquid-Liquid Extraction (J. D. Thornton, ed.), Vol. 2, pp. 194-308. Oxford University Press, New York. 

Membrane contactor applications in the liquid-liquid extraction field fall in two categories (1) removal of unwanted species from water and (2) removal and recovery of valuable species from water. Many investigations have been conducted over the year by academia as well as by industry. Below we are providing some samples from the wide range of applications reported in hterature. The examples presented are divided roughly into three sections (a) biotech and pharmaceutical products, (b) industrial chemicals and VOC, and (c) metals. 

Membrane contactor offers potential solution in a wide range of gas/liquid and liquid/liquid applications gas adsorption and stripping, liquid/liquid extraction, dense gas extraction, fermentation and enzymatic transformation, pharmaceutical applications, protein extraction, wastewater treatment, chiral separations, semiconductor manufacturing, carbonation of beverages, metal ion extraction, protein extraction, and VOCs removal from waste gas [55]. 

Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), also referred to as pressurized liquid extraction,53-55 is a relative newcomer to the battery of extraction techniques. This technique has been applied successfully to problems in environmental analysis56-58 and has recently begun to find a few applications in pharmaceutical analysis as well. Some of these applications have involved biological samples59,60 and solid-dosage forms such as transdermal patches.61... 

Solid-liquid extraction is applied on an industrial scale to produce oils and fats from oil-bearing seeds. In the food and flavour industry, extracts and resins, such as hop, chamomile, peppermint, valerian, vanilla, red pepper and liquorice, are obtained from herbs, roots, seeds and drugs. The technology has also found application in the pharmaceutical industry for the extraction of antibiotics, alkaloids and caffeine. 

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