Phagocytic chemiluminescence

Anderson, R.S. and L.L. Brabacher. 1992. In vitro inhibition of medaka phagocyte chemiluminescence by pentachlorophenol. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2 299-310. 

Thus, saponins are apparently able to stimulate or suppress the immune system by two different mechanisms. In one mechanism, saponins interact with cell membrane components to alter cell permeability, membrane-associated enzymes, cell-surface receptors, and other components, and thus result in a nonspecific stimulation (or suppression) of phagocytosis, phagocytic chemiluminescence, and other functions of phagocytic lymphocytes. These effects can take place in vivo or in vitro. In the other mechanism, formation of imines (Schiff bases) by carbonyl-containing saponins can provide a co-stimulatory signal necessary for specific immunopotentiation of T cells that leads to a CMI response. This second mechanism, which is known as an adjuvant effect, takes place only in vivo, and is discussed in more detail in subsequent sections of this article. From previous work [62,73], it is expected that, for saponins with appropriate structures, both mechanisms would take place. Perhaps, the best-known case where both mechanisms can take place is that of the saponins derived from Q. saponaria Molina, which are next discussed in more detail. 

ANGELiDis, p., BAUDiN-LAURENCiN, F. YouiNOU, p. (1987) Stress in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri effects upon phagocyte chemiluminescence, circulating leucocytes and susceptibihty to Aeromonas salmonicida. Journal of Fish Biology. 31, 113-122. 

Sugioka, K., Nakano, M., Kurashige, S. A., Y, and Goto, T. (1986). A chemiluminescent probe with a Cypridina luciferin analog, 2-methyl-6-phenyl-3,7 dihydroimidazo[l,2-a]pyrazin-3-one, specific and sensitive for superoxide anion production in phagocytizing macrophages. FEBS Lett. 197 27-30. 

Witko-Sarsat, V., Nguyen Anh Thu, Knight, J., and Descamps-Latscha, B. (1992). Pholasin a new chemiluminescent probe for the detection of chloramines derived from human phagocytes. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 13 83-88. 

Kayaba, Y., Hiwatashi, N., Toyota, T. and Majima, T. (1991). Studies on functions of peripheral phagocytes from patients with Crohn s disease - with special reference to expressions of IgG Fc receptors and chemiluminescence. Gastroenterology 100, A589. 

The dismutation (disproportioning) of two free radicals is accompanied by release of a portion of reaction energy as a light quantum. As the quantum yield of such a process is extremely low, the detection of this type of chemiluminescence is technically complicated. Several compounds like lucigenin and luminol have a high quantum yield after reaction with peroxide radicals. Therefore, they are widely used for the detection of these radicals, particularly in the examination of phagocyting cells. 

Mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus 1000-20,000 Dose-dependent inhibition of peak chemiluminescence in phagocytes after incubation for 20 h 67... 

Roszell, L.E. and R.S. Anderson. 1993. In vitro immunomodulation by pentachlorophenol in phagocytes from an estuarine teleost, Fundulus heteroclitus, as measured by chemiluminescence activity. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25 492-496. 

In summary, chemiluminescence is a sensitive, non-invasive technique that can measure reactive oxidant production by small numbers of neutrophils indeed, neutrophil-derived chemiluminescence can be detected in as little as 5 fA of unfractionated human blood. The assay is suitable for automation using either multichannel luminometers or luminescence microtitre plate readers. Many researchers, however, have questioned the usefulness of this technique because of the uncertainty of the nature of the oxidant(s) that are detected. Nevertheless, in view of the recent developments made towards the identification of the oxidants measured and the assay s ability to detect intracellular oxidant production, it is has an important place in the phagocyte research laboratory. 

Allen, R. C. (1986). Phagocytic leukocyte oxygenation activities and chemiluminescence A kinetic approach to analysis. Methods Enzymol. 133 B, 449-93. 

Babior, B. M. Recent studies on oxygen metabolism in human neutrophils Superoxide and chemiluminescence. In Superoxide and Superoxide Dismutases (Michelson, A. M., McCord, J. M., Fridovich, I., eds.), London-New York-San Francisco, Academic Press, 1977, pp. 271-281 McCord, J. M., Wong, K. Phagocyte-produced free radicals Roles in cytotoxicity and inflammation. In Oxygen Free Radicals and Tissue Damage, Ciba Foundation Symposium 65, Amsterdam-Oxford-New York, Excerpta Medica, 1979, pp. 343-351... 

Cells in which chemiluminescence has been reported to originate include phagocytic cells, mouse spleen cells (Peterhans et al., 1980), rat thymocytes (Wrogemann et al., 1978), human NK cells (Roder et al., 1982), erythrocytes (canine) (Peerless and Stiehm, 1986), human epidermal cells (Fischer and Adams, 1985), Lettre ascites tumour cells (Mehta et al., 1985), colonic epithelial cells (Crawen et al., 1986) and Walker carcinosarcoma cells (Leroyer et al., 1987). 

Allen, R.C. Loose, L.D. Phagocytic activation of a lumi-nol-dependent chemiluminescence in rabbit alveolar and peritoneal macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1976, 69, 245-253. 

Low, K.W. and Y.M. Sin. Effects of mercuric chloride on chemiluminescent response of phagocytes and tissue lysozyme activity on tilapia, Oreochromis aureus. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 54 302-308, 1995. 

Cutrin JC, Boveris A, Zingaro B, Corvetti G, Poli G (2000) In situ determination by surface chemiluminescence of temporal relationships between evolving warm ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat liver and phagocyte activation and recruitment. Hepatology 31 622-632... 

Al. Allen, R. C., Evaluation of serum opsonic capacity by quantitating the initial chemiluminescent response from phagocytizing polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Infect. Imtnun. 15, 828-833 (1977). 

Studies on phagocyte activity after in vitro exposure to ELF showed that they can affect monocyte NO production" or induce PMN morphologic changes and A2A receptor expression. Few data are available about the effects of ELF on PMN activity in exposed workers. In this study we evaluated the consequences of chronic exposition to ELF on PMNs, measuring their resting and stimulated chemiluminescence (CL) activity. 

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