Petroleum refining and petrochemicals

1 Industrial steam refonner Minimization of methane feed rate and maximization of the flow rate of carbon monoxide at the reformer exit. NSGA Side-fired steam reformer operation was optimized. Rajesh et al. (2000) 

2 Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) manufacture Maximization of VCM production and minimization of environmental burden, environmental impact and operating cost simultaneously. e-constraint method A design methodology consisting of 4 steps was proposed and applied to VCM plant The steps are (1) life cycle analysis of the process, (2) formulation of the design problem, (3) MOO, and (4) multi-criteria decision-making to find best compromise solutions. Khan et al. (2001) 

5 Propylene glycol production Maximization of economic benefit and minimization of environmental indicator. In addition process robustness measures (deviation ratio) were also considered. Normal boundary intersection method Sustainable process index was used as environmental indicator. Product revenue less capital and operating costs was the economic indicator Kheawhom and Hirao (2002) 

6 Scheduling of refinery processes environmental impact. e-constraint method along with a MILP method Scheduling of refinery processes was modeled as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model. Song et al. (2002) 

7 Terephthalic acid (TA) production Maximization of feed flow rate while minimizing concentration of 4-carboxy-benzaldehyde intermediate in the crude TA. NSGA-II and Neighborhood and Archived GA (NAGA) Mu et al. (2003) employed NSGA-II whereas Mu et al. (2004) used NAGA for four cases of operation optimization with 1 to 6 decision variables. Mu et al. (2003) Mu et al. (2004) 

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A. K. Jaia and S.. Chopra ia X. Chou, ed.. Proceedings of an International Conference on Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Processing, International Academic PubHshers, Beijing, China, 1991, pp. 368—374. 

Volume 100 Catalysts in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Industries 1995. 

Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Catalysts in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Industries, Kuwait, April 22-26,1995 edited by M. Absi-Halabi, J. Beshara, H. Qabazard and A. Stanislaus Volume 101 11th International Congress on Catalysis-40th Anniversary. 

The various forms in which embrittlement can show up in petroleum refining and petrochemical processing... 

Syoichi, Y. et ah, Aromatization of Propane in CO2 Atmosphere, Second Joint Saudi Japanese Workshop on Recent Developments in Selected Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Processes, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 12-13, Dec. 1992. 

The sources, amounts, and composition of injected hazardous wastes are a matter of record, because the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)5,14 requires hazardous waste to be manifested (i.e., a record noting the generator of the waste, its composition or characteristics, and its volume must follow the waste load from its source to its ultimate disposal site). The sources and amounts of injected hazardous waste can be determined, therefore, based on these records. Table 20.2 shows the estimated volume of deep-well-injected wastes by industrial category.3 More than 11 billion gallons of hazardous waste were injected in 1983. Organic chemicals (51%) and petroleum-refining and petrochemical products (25%) accounted for three-quarters of the volume of injected wastes that... 

Fetzer, J. C., The Production of Large Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons During Catalytic Hydrocracking, in Catalysts in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Industries, 1996. Kuwait, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, Elsevier. 100 pp. 263-271. 

Despite the fact that petroleum refining and petrochemical companies have recently engaged in more integration projects, relatively little research has been reported in the open literature, mostly due to confidentiality reasons. Such concerns render the development of a systematic framework of network integration and coordination... 

Petroleum refining and petrochemical production is a 24-hour, 365-day operation with a very minimum of time planned for downtime. Unless one has visited a refinery firsthand, it is very difficult to comprehend the size and complexity of the equipment used. See Figures 2. 3, and 4. 

Between the wars, the growing numbers of continuous catalytic processes—in other manufactures as well as petroleum refining and petrochemicals—absorbed more and more chemical engineers. They brought incentives to focus as much on selective reactions of flowing fluids and suspensions as on the separations and particulate solids-processing methods that constituted the unit operations. They also became nuclei of all sorts of opportunities for the chemical engineering profession. 

The Chiyoda/UOP ACETICA process for the production of acetic acid," 8th Annual Saudi-Japanese Symposium on Catalysts in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemicals, KFUPM-RI, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Nov. 29-30, 1998. 

Stanislaus, A., Absi-Halabi, M., Mughni, T., Khan, S., and Qamra, A., Proceedings of Joint Kuwaiti-Japanese Symposium on Catalytic Processes for the Petroleum Refining and Petrochemicals Industries ( J. Bishara, H Qabazard, and M. Absi-Halabi, Editors), Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait, (1993), pp. 13-25. 

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