Petroleum and petrochemicals

Cracking, Coking, Hydrocracking, and Reforming IVeating Processes Petroleum Products 

Petroleum (also called crude oil), in the unrefined or crude form, like many industrial feedstocks has little or no direct use and its value as an industrial commodity is only realized after the production of salable products. Even then, the market demand dictates the type of products that are needed. Therefore, the value of petroleum is directly related to the yield of products and is subject to the call of the market. 

As the basic elements of crude oil, hydrogen and carbon form the main input into a refinery, combining into thousands of individual constituents, and the economic recovery of these constituents varies with the individual petroleum according to its particular individual qualities, and the processing facilities of a particular refinery (Rg. 13.1). In general, crude oil, once refined, yields three basic groupings of products that are produced when it is broken down into cuts or fractions (Table 13.1). 

TABLE 13.1 Crude Petroleum Is a Mixture of Compounds That Can be Separated into Different Generic Boiiing. Fractions 

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T. T. Shih and W. J. Khngebiel, paper presented to The First Shanghai International Sjmposium on Technology of Petroleum and Petrochemical Industry, May 16—20,1989, Shanghai, China. 

Petroleum and Petrochemical Processes. The first large-scale appHcation of extraction was the removal of aromatics from kerosene [8008-20-6J to improve its burning properties. Jet fuel kerosene and lubricating oil, which requite alow aromatics content (see Aviation and OTHER gas... 

The Phenox process (254) removes phenol (qv) from the efduent from catalytic cracking in the petroleum industry. Extraction of phenols from ammoniacal coke-oven Hquor may show a small profit. Acetic acid can be recovered by extraction from dilute waste streams (255). Oils are recovered by extraction from oily wastewater from petroleum and petrochemical operations. Solvent extraction is employed commercially for the removal of valuable... 

Seal Face Combinations The dynamic of seal faces is better understood today. Seal-face combinations have come a long way in the past 8-10 years. Stellite is being phased out of the petroleum and petrochemical applications. Better grades of ceramic are available, cost of tungsten has come down, and relapping of tungsten are available near most industrial areas. Silicon carbide is being used in abrasive service. 

The space velocity SV is often used with conversion to descrihe die overall reactor performance. It is common in die petroleum and petrochemical industries to plot conversion against space velocity to descrihe die effect of feed rate on die performance of a flow system. 

When the first edition of Chemistry of Petrochemical Processes was written, the intention was to introduce to the users a simplified approach to a diversified subject dealing with the chemistry and technology of various petroleum and petrochemical process. It reviewed the mechanisms of many reactions as well as the operational parameters (temperature, pressure, residence times, etc.) that directly effect products yields and composition. To enable the readers to follow the flow of the reactants and products, the processes were illustrated with simplified flow diagrams. 

One particularly important case of distillation sequencing is worthy of special consideration. This is the case of crude oil distillation, which is the fundamental process underlying the petroleum and petrochemicals industry. Crude oil is an extremely complex mixture of hydrocarbons... 

A monthly publication of the Gulf Publishing Company. Another excellent publication that devotes itself to the process and project engineering of refineries and petrochemical operations. It has a flowsheet in every issue its yearly handbook issue gives over 100 processes flowsheets, and its NG, LNG, SNG Handbook issue gives more. It also has very good product studies and an excellent thermodynamics data series. Three times a year it lists all new worldwide construction in the petroleum and petrochemical industry. 

Unfortunately the literature is rampant with data obtained from cyclones of so wide a variety of deviating dimensional ratios and ill defined particle properties, sizes and loadings, that full agreement between designers, theorists and practitioners has not yet been achieved. However, in practice, the enormous number of cyclones installed in identical industrial process applications in the petroleum and petrochemical industries (Zenz, A P I., 1975) throughout the world and spurred by a common interest in economics and environmental regulations, has led to the correlations shown as the solid curves in Figs. 2 and 3. 

Fushun Research Institute of Petroleum and Petrochemicals, SINOPEC, 31 Dandong Street, Fushun, Liaoning, 113001, People s Republic of China... 

American Petroleum Institute (API), Publication 2218, Fireproofing Practices in Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing Plants. First Edition, API, Washington, D.C., 1988. 

Intermediate pore zeolites typified by ZSM-5 (1) show unique shape-selectivities. This has led to the development and commercial use of several novel processes in the petroleum and petrochemical industry (2-4). This paper describes the selectivity characteristics of two different aromatics conversion processes Xylene Isomerization and Selective Toluene Disproportionation (STDP). In these two reactions, two different principles (5,j6) are responsible for their high selectivity a restricted transition state in the first, and mass transfer limitation in the second. 

The fundamental strategy of the PRC s leaders will be to use petroleum and petrochemicals as a launch pad for a Chinese version of "better living through chemistry". Petroleum and petrochemicals will provide much needed raw materials and capital necessary to finance China s ambitious modernization drive. 

China s reduction in whole plant purchases in favor of the importation of equipment and technology, as well as the renovation of existing plants, will further enhance the United States competitive position. America s preeminent technical leadership in petroleum and petrochemical industries will undoubtably attract Beijing to favor U.S. companies in these high-priority ventures. 

Beychok, M.R. "Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants," John Wiley Sons, New York. 

Suntornpun, R. (2002) Acid-base interaction between Cs aromatics and X and Y zeolites. M.S. Thesis in Petrochemical Technology. The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalong-kom University, Bangkok, Thailand. 

API RP 556, Fired Heaters and Steam Generators, provides current guidance on the recommended practice for controls and instrumentation for fired process heaters for liquid and gas stream heating in the petroleum and petrochemical industries. 

The acid-catalyzed conversions of hydrocarbons have been extensively studied and are widely reported in chemical literature. Many important petroleum and petrochemical processes involve catalysis by acids. In contrast to this, the use of bases to catalyze hydrocarbon conversions has received little attention except for polymerization of conjugated dienes and styrene to high polymers. 

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