Network integration

SAINT Systems Analysis of Integrated Networks of Tasks Swain, 1989... 

Integrated network for connecting to BAS systems (central operation control)... 

Modern Building Automation Systems (BAS) attempt to limit the interfaces used in order to provide a more seamless, integrated network. Ideally, all of the various components communicate with each other in a common language. 

R. Schwarz, C. Liang, C. Kaleta, M. Kiihnel, E. Hoffmann, S. Kuznetsov, M. Hecker, G. Griffiths, S. Schuster, and T. Dandekar, Integrated network reconstruction, visualization and analysis using YANAsquare. BMC Bioinformatics 8, 313 (2007). 

The problem is formulated as an MILP model where binary variables are used for designing the process integration network between the refineries and deciding on the production unit expansion alternatives. Linearity in the model was achieved by defining component flows instead of individual flows and associated fractions. The planning problem formulation is as follows. 

In this section, we present two examples with different scenarios. The first example illustrates the performance of the model on a single site total refinery planning problem where we compare the results of the model to an industrial scale study from Favennec et al. (2001). This example serves to validate our model and to make any necessary adjustments. The second example extends the scale of the model application to cover three complex refineries in which we demonstrate the different aspects of the model. The refineries considered are of large industrial-scale refineries and actually mimic a general set-up of many areas around the world. The decisions in this example include the selection of crude blend combination, design of process integration network between the three refineries, and decisions on production units expansion options and operating levels. 

In this scenario, we allowed the design of an integration network between the three refineries using the same set of constraints as in Scenario-1. The cost parameters for pipelines installation were calculated as cost per distance between the refineries, and then multiplied by the required pipe length in order to connect any two refineries. The pipeline diameter considered in all cases was 8 inches. 

In this scenario, we provide multiple feedstocks, namely Arabian Light and Kuwait crude, to the refineries complex and demonstrate the selection of crude combinations to each refinery as well as how the integration network will change. All sets of constraints remained the same except for the crude supply as we imposed a higher availability limit of 20 000 t/year of each crude type. The results of the model are shown in Table 3.6. 

Table 3.8 shows the new strategic plan for all refineries in terms of crude oil supply combinations, production expansions, and integration network design between the refineries. In response to the increase in the diesel production requirements by more... 

The proposed formulation addresses the problem of simultaneous design of an integrated network of refineries and petrochemical processes. The proposed model is based on the formulations proposed in this dissertation. All material balances are carried out on a mass basis with the exception of refinery quality constraints of properties that only blend by volume where volumetric flow rates are used instead. The model is formulated as follows ... 

In Chapter 3 of this book we discussed the problem of multisite refinery integration under deterministic conditions. In this chapter, we extend the analysis to account for different parameter uncertainty. Robustness is quantified based on both model robustness and solution robustness, where each measure is assigned a scaling factor to analyze the sensitivity of the refinery plan and integration network due to variations. We make use of the sample average approximation (SAA) method with statistical bounding techniques to generate different scenarios. 

Figure 7.1 SEN representation of a multiple refineries integration network.

Table 9.4 depicts the results of the optimal integration network between the three refineries and the PVC petrochemical complex. As shown in Table 9.4, the proposed... 

Again, keep in mind that the control attributed to each lobe mentioned above is not exclusive of the other lobes because of the integrated network of neurons connecting various portions of the brain. In addition there are other distinct bodies or diffuse neuronal systems which lie within the lobes just described. 

The future development of the oil sands will take into account other products or services which are directly or indirectly associated with the deposit. The sand itself is composed of many minerals which have industrial significance, as indicated in Table VI of Ref. 2. An integrated network of primary and secondary industries (based on both inorganic and organic products) will one day arise to make the Athabasca valley one of the industrial centers of Canada. 

The subsequent step of the modular systems approach as applied to concrete industrial engineering is the creation of solutions for integrating networking gateways designated the Common Semantic Models and the Generalized Macro Models. 

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