Petroleum oxidative polymerization

During the last ten years, many research results have shown that oxidative polymerization catalyzed by peroxidases is a convenient, resource-saving, and environmentally friendly method for synthesizing phenol polymers. In contrast to the conventional synthesis of phenol-formaldehyde resins, the peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization of phenol proceeds under mild reaction conditions (room temperature, neutral pH). The polymerization of toxic phenols has promising potential for the cleaning of wastewaters. Moreover, the polymerization of phenols from renewable resources is expected to attract much attention in times of worldwide demand for the replacement of petroleum-derived raw materials. Besides the environment-protecting aspects of this innovative type of polymerization, the enzyme-catalyzed polymerization represents a convenient method to reahze new types of functional polyaromatic polymers. Phenol polymers made by peroxidase catalysis should have much potential for electronic and optical apphcations. The synthesis of functional phenol polymers is facihtated by the fact that poly-... 

Second, in the early 1950s, Hogan and Bank at Phillips Petroleum Company, discovered (3,4) that ethylene could be catalyticaHy polymerized into a sohd plastic under more moderate conditions at a pressure of 3—4 MPa (435—580 psi) and temperature of 70—100°C, with a catalyst containing chromium oxide supported on siUca (Phillips catalysts). PE resins prepared with these catalysts are linear, highly crystalline polymers of a much higher density of 0.960—0.970 g/cnr (as opposed to 0.920—0.930 g/cnf for LDPE). These resins, or HDPE, are currentiy produced on a large scale, (see Olefin polymers, HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE). 

The breadth of reactions catalyzed by cobalt compounds is large. Some types of reactions are hydrotreating petroleum (qv), hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, hydrodenitrification, hydrodesulfurization, selective oxidations, ammonoxidations, complete oxidations, hydroformylations, polymerizations, selective decompositions, ammonia (qv) synthesis, and fluorocarbon synthesis (see Fluorine compounds, organic). 

These are semisolid or solid substances formed in nature from crude oils after the volatile components have evaporated and the remainder has undergone oxidation and polymerization. They are also referred to as bitumens, waxes, and pitch. These materials are believed to consist of mixtures of complex organic molecules of high molecular weight. As with crude oils, which contain thousands of different chemical compounds, an exact chemical analysis for identification and composition is impractical to perform on the solid deposits of petroleum. 

Uses Used in the petroleum industry to make so-called alkylate for improved octane gasoline. Large quantities are polymerized to polypropylene for carpeting, upholstery, ropes, and other uses. Used in the chemical industry as a starting material for many large-volume chemicals such as acetone, acrylonitrile, and propylene oxide. 

Metal complexes, especially involving transition metals, are known for their role as catalysts in a broad variety of chemical processes including isomerization, oxidization, hydrogenation, and polymerization. Such catalytic reactions play an important role not only in many industrial processes, such as petroleum and polymer industries, but also in many biological systems, e.g., a variety of selective oxidation catalysts with heme (1) and nonheme (2) iron centers. The transition metals in these systems usually constitute a fundamental part of the catalyst, due to their... 

Phillips (1) A process for polymerizing ethylene and other linear olefins and di-olefins to make linear polymers. This is a liquid-phase process, operated in a hydrocarbon solvent at an intermediate pressure, using a heterogeneous oxide catalyst such as chromia on silica/ alumina. Developed in the 1950s by the Phillips Petroleum Company, Bartlesville, OK, and first commercialized at its plant in Pasadena, TX. In 1991, 77 reaction fines were either operating or under construction worldwide, accounting for 34 percent of worldwide capacity for linear polyethylene. 

In the early 1950s there was the quite contemporary discovery—in three different laboratories—of processes for the polymerization of ethene at low pressure using solid catalysts The catalyst used by the Standard Oil of Indiana was Mo(VI) oxide supported on aluminum oxide the one by Phyllips Petroleum was Cr(VI) oxide still supported on silica/alumina the catalyst studied by Ziegler and his co-workers at the Max Planck Institute at Miihlheim... 

The only cationic surfactant (Fig. 23) found in any quantity in the environment is ditallow dimethylammonium chloride (DTDMAC), which is mainly the quaternary ammonium salt distearyldimethylammonium chloride (DSDMAC). The organic chemistry and characterization of cationic surfactants has been reported and reviewed [330 - 332 ]. The different types of cationic surfactants are fatty acid amides [333], amidoamine [334], imidazoline [335], petroleum feed stock derived surfactants [336], nitrile-derived surfactants [337], aromatic and cyclic surfactants [338], non-nitrogen containing compounds [339], polymeric cationic surfactants [340], and amine oxides [341]. 

The evolution of chemical engineering from petroleum refining, through petrochemicals and polymers, to new applications is de.scribed so that students can see the relationships between past, present, and future technologies. Applications such as catalytic processes, environmental modeling, biological reactions, reactions involving solids, oxidation, combustion, safety, polymerization, and multiphase reactors are also described. 

Coal liquefaction Fischer-Tropsch synthesis Synthesis of methanol Hydrogenation of oils Alkylation of methanol and benzene Polymerization of olefins Hydrogenation of coal oils, heavy oil fractions, and unsaturated fatty acids Adsorption of S02 in an aqueous slurry of magnesium oxide and calcium carbonate S02 or removal from tail gas Wet oxidation of waste sludge Catalytic desulfurization of petroleum fractions Wastewater treatment... 

The following amine boranes are manufd by the Callery Chemical Co a)Dimethylamine-borane, (CH,)aNH BHS, wh solid b)Tri-methylamine-borane, (CHS)SN BH, wh solid e)Pyridine-borane, CBHSN BHb, col liquid These amine-boranes are relatively stable complexes and are of interest because they act as selective reducing agents, polymerization catalysts, anti-oxidants and stabilizing agents. They may also be used for the prepn of diborane and as petroleum additives. Further information may be obtained from Tech Bull C-200(Ref 2)... 

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