Phenol toxicity

Oryza sativa decomposing straw phenolics toxic in lettuce rice seed bioassays mungbean root assay 119... 

Muscle tremors and convulsions are characteristic effects of acute dermal phenol toxicity in laboratory animals. Tremors that developed into convulsions and prostration were reported in rats exposed to 107.1 mg/kg liquid phenol application surface areas were not reported (Conning and Hayes 1970). In pigs, application of 500 mg/kg over 35-40% of the body surface (0.44 mg/cm2/kg) resulted in muscular tremors in the head region within 3-5 minutes of exposure (Pullin et al. 1978). This was followed by dilation of the pupils, loss of coordination, and excess salivation and nasal discharge within 5 minutes of exposure. It was followed by convulsions, coma, and death 5-7 minutes after exposure in two of three pigs. Direct application of a dose of 37.5 mg/kg phenol to the inner ear resulted in a reduced threshold for auditory brainstem response (Schmidt et al. 1990). 

Potentially, individuals with low activities of the enzymes phenol sulfotransferase and glucuronyl-transferase may be more susceptible to phenol toxicity. Persons with ulcerative colitis may have an impaired capacity to sulfate phenol (Ramakrishna et al. 1991), which may increase the amount of unchanged phenol that is absorbed following oral exposure. Neonates may also be more susceptible to toxicity from dermally-applied phenol because of increased skin permeability and proportionately greater surface area. A study in which 10-day-old rats were more sensitive to lethality following oral exposure to phenol than 5-week-old or adult rats (Deichmann and Witherup 1944) further suggests that the young may be more sensitive to phenol. (For a more detailed discussion please see Section 2.6.) Because phenol is a vesicant, individuals with sensitive skin or pulmonary incapacity may be more sensitive to phenol. Individuals with kidney or liver diseases that impair metabolism or excretion of phenol and phenol metabolites may be more susceptible to phenol. 

In allelopathy studies a central goal is to isolate, identify, and characterize allelochemicals from the soil. However, since it is essentially impossible to simulate exact field conditions, experiments must be designed with conditions resembling those found in natural systems. Indcrjit (1996) argued that allelopathic potential of phenolics can be appreciated only when we have a good understanding of i) species responses to phenolic allelochemicals, ii) methods for extraction and isolation of active phenolic allelochemicals, and iii) how abiotic and biotic factors affect phenolic toxicity. 

Systemic adverse effects can occur through absorption from intact skin or wounds, by ingestion, or by absorption of vapor through the skin or via the lungs. They include central nervous stimulation followed by depression, seizures, coma, tachycardia, hypotension, dysrhjdhmias, pulmonary edema, metabolic acidosis, and hepatic and renal injury. Serious adverse reactions due to percutaneous absorption can occur and death has been described several times. The signs and symptoms of phenol toxicity have been reviewed (3-7) and are listed in Table 1. 

Hall, L.H. and Vaughn, T.A. (1997b). QSAR of Phenol Toxicity Using E-State and Kappa Shape Indices. Med.Chem.Res., 7,407-416. 

Phenol soap with a concentration of 5 g/100 g introduces a small amount of the active product into the organism with each wash. Even if resorption, and therefore phenol toxicity, depends more on the surface area covered than on the concentration of the product, each wash only delivers a small quantity of phenol, which is soon rinsed off. 

Recently, some phenol formulas have been presented as allowing a full-face peel without any anesthetic. A phenol peel that can be applied to the whole face without any type of anesthetic is a more superficial phenol peel that does not induce regeneration of the reticular dermis of the same quality as the classic phenol peels. Less pain goes hand in hand with inadequate results the results of this type of phenol peel are the same as for a TCA peel to the papillary dermis and may not have much effect on wrinkles. The pain caused by these peels is also the same as for a TCA peel to the papillary dermis. It is pointless to put a patient through the risks of phenol toxicity only to get the results that a simple, non-toxic molecule (TCA) can achieve. An effective, full-face phenol peel should therefore be used with an anesthetic (see Chapter 33). 

Zhang L, Gao H, Hansch C, Selassie CD. Molecular orbital parameters and comparative QSAR in the analysis of phenol toxicity to leukemia cells. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1998 2 2553-2556. 

The transition between simple dependence on lipophilicity to exclusive dependence on reactivity factors led us to consider two separate classes of phenol toxicity as discussed in the conclusions. In addition, the clear dependance on steric or "ortho" effects for... 

Originally, we planned to study the special factors affecting toxicity from multiple laboratories in some detail. Different experimental techniques and animal variables clearly affect the toxicity end-point when carried out by different investigators. Of all the sets studied, phenol toxicity to mice (ip) seemed ideal for analysis because of the set size (n 50) and simplicity of the class 1 mechanism. The project was abandoned on learning that the 50 data points come from 17 different laboratories. There are too many variables to support a systematic analysis. 

The effect of administration route on drug action is discussed in some detail by Benet (19) and by Rowland (20). Oral administration forces a first-pass route through the liver, subjecting the toxicant to enhanced metabolism. Other routes are weaker metabolically, though in some cases, skin can display up to 80% or more of liver metabolite activity. In the rat, for example, skin is more efficient than liver in degrading aryl carbamates. Our results support this thesis in terms of mean Log MW/LD50 values for phenol toxicity but not for carbamate toxicity. 

Mean values of Log MW/LD50 were used to establish orders among animals, routes of administration and toxicant classes. This method seems ideal for comparing non-overlapping structural sets. Moreover, the orders appear useful for classifying mechanism. For example, inter-animal and inter-route orders confirm that phosphates and carbamates kill by a similar mechanism that differs from death by phenol toxicity. This is clearly indicated by reversals in (rat, mouse) and (oral, dermal) orders. 

The similarity in the sensitivity distributions derived from QSAR and experimental acute toxicity data results in only minor differences in the extrapolated phenol toxicity values for the most sensitive species about 4 mg/1 from the experimental data and 4.6 mg/1 from the QSAR estimates. 

Philip AT, Marraffa JM. Death following ii ection sclerotherapy due to phenol toxicity. J Forensic Sci 2012 57(5) 1372-5. 

According to the classification of A. Tenenbaum, which is described later in this chapter, peelers should be careful with the dangerous distinction between so called cosmetic , peelings for acids with pK, > 3 and medical , peelings for acids with pK, < 3, because some adds like salicylic acid with a pK, near 3, as the phenol, toxic substance with a pKa > 3 need to be exclusively used by trained physicians. 

Each zone is peeled, wiped hghtly with a gauze pad to remove any oil and occluded with waterproof tape (when indicated) before proceeding to the next zone. In this way the proper time will elapse between zones to preclude phenol toxicity. 

SVM Regression OSAR for the Phenol Toxicity to Tetrahymena pyriformis... 

The SVM regression results for the prediction of phenol toxicity to Tetrahymena pyriformis are presented in Tables 11 and 12. In calibration... 

---