Innovative type

Innovation types can be differentiated as to whether the successful new innovation is of a technical or organisational nature or signifies a change of system. Direction of Innovation. Within the context of SubChem the question is also relevant as to whether the innovation (hazardous substance substitution, hazardous substance prevention, exposure prevention) has really reduced the risks entailed by the hazardous substance or has possibly only caused those risks to shift. With regard to the practicability of risk management, the question can also be raised as to whether a specific organisational and/or institutional innovation creates increased (also practicable) personal lesponsibihty of the commercial enterprises or whether and to what extent it is linked to a greater need for state control. 

The relationships among these aggregations of product and innovation types can be seen in the innovation matrix shown in Fig. 7-1. The horizontal axis represents the two classes of innovation, and the vertical axis the two classes of product. Each cell in the matrix then sets out an innovation space with unique characteristics. 

Recently, Brzozowska et al. used NR and ex situ electrochemical techniques to characterize an innovative type of monolayer system intended to serve as a support for a bUayer lipid membrane on a gold electrode surface [51]. Zr ions were used to noncovalendy couple a phosphate-terminated self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formed on a gold surface to the carboxylate groups of negatively charged phos-phatidylserrne (PS). This tethered surface was then used for the formation of a PS hpid bilayer structure formed by vesicle fusion and spreading. NR studies revealed the presence of an aqueous environment associated with the tether layer which arises from nonstoichiometric water associated with the zirconium phosphate moieties [52]. 

The use of alkali metal-containing, heterobimetallic lanthanoid complexes as catalysts in asymmetric synthesis is reviewed. This new and innovative type of chiral catalyst, which was recently developed by Shibasaki et al., contains a Lewis acid as well as a Bronsted base moiety, thereupon showing a similar mechanistic effect as observed in enzyme chemistry. The heterobimetallic complexes have been successfully applied as highly stereoinducing catalysts in many different types of asymmetric reactions, including the stereoselective formation of C-C, C-O, and C-P bonds. 

Geoffrey Moore has extended the product life-cycle concept to identify the specific kinds of innovation needed in different life-cycle phases. These innovation types, in turn, require different sponsors and team leaders within the company. Table 5.2 maps his innovation types to our life-cycle model. This framework should be put to work in assessing a company s current projects, as described later in this chapter. 

Abstract Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have become essential materials for maintaining and strengthening existing infrastructure. Many new innovative types of hybrid material and structural systems have been developed using FRP composite materials. Increased utilisation of FRP requires that structural engineers and practitioners be able to understand the behaviour of FRP materials and design composite structures. This book provides an overview of different advanced FRP composites and the use of these materials in a variety of application areas. This chapter specifically covers a brief review on FRP applications and gives an outline of the book. 

An option to accommodate cores with innovative types of fuel ... 

During the last ten years, many research results have shown that oxidative polymerization catalyzed by peroxidases is a convenient, resource-saving, and environmentally friendly method for synthesizing phenol polymers. In contrast to the conventional synthesis of phenol-formaldehyde resins, the peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization of phenol proceeds under mild reaction conditions (room temperature, neutral pH). The polymerization of toxic phenols has promising potential for the cleaning of wastewaters. Moreover, the polymerization of phenols from renewable resources is expected to attract much attention in times of worldwide demand for the replacement of petroleum-derived raw materials. Besides the environment-protecting aspects of this innovative type of polymerization, the enzyme-catalyzed polymerization represents a convenient method to reahze new types of functional polyaromatic polymers. Phenol polymers made by peroxidase catalysis should have much potential for electronic and optical apphcations. The synthesis of functional phenol polymers is facihtated by the fact that poly-... 

In Gen-IV designs of very innovative type, there are several structures, systems, components, and phenomena that could bear specific risks and uncertainties. When developing the safety case (in particular, the transient and accident analysis), the applicant designer should pay special attention to the identification and assessment of the following ... 

Cai Y, Zong X, Zhang J, Hu Y, Wei Q, He G, et al. Electrospun nanofibrous mats absorbed with fatty acid eutectics as an innovative type of form-stable phase change materials for storage and retrieval of thermal energy. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 2013 109 160-8. 

Three types of lab-on-a-cell experimentation have been reported (i) aimed at the elucidation of the cellular machinery (Takayama et al., 2001) (ii) the creation of novel production units (Khine et al., 2007) and (iii) the use of microfluidics for assisted reproduction technology (Wacogne et al., 2008 Le Gac and van den Berg, 2010). The unique flow properties found in microfluidic systems enable the precise temporal and spatial control of the cells environment, which allows innovative types of experimentation and improves the tests of cells sensitivity to chemicals in a concentration-dependent manner, all within a single assay (Keenan and Folch, 2008). 

---