Petroleum oleum

The word petroleum is de rived from the Latin words for rock (petra) and oil (oleum)... 

Petroleum sulfonates have traditionally been produced by both batch and continuous treatment of petroleum oils with oleum. These processes have been covered in several reviews (138,139). Natural petroleum sulfonates are coproducts in the manufacture of a variety of refined oils, most notably white (mineral) oils, lube oils, and process oils (plasticizer oils for mbber compounding). The feedstocks are selected primarily on the basis of the desired characteristics of the refined oils which generally contain 15—30% aromatics. 

Daubert, T. E., and R. P. Danner, Technical Data Book - Petr oleum Refining, 5th ed., American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, extant 1994. Daubert, T. E., R. P. Danner, H. M. Sibul, and C. C. Stebbins, Physical and Thermodynamic Properiies of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation, Taylor Francis, Bristol, PA, extant 1994. 

The sediment sample is allowed to dry in open air and then sieved. To 20g of the sample 20% distilled water is added for deactivation purposes and the excess water is then bound to active silica (Siloxid), so that a powdery consistency is obtained. The insecticides studied are extracted with petroleum ether (b.p. 30-60°C) in a Soxhlet apparatus. The extract is concentrated using the vacuum rotary evaporator and the coextractants are separated on a Celite oleum column. The petroleum ether eluate is then concentrated to a volume of 1ml and used for gas chromatography under the following conditions [10, 31-33],... 

Toluene obtained from petroleum should contain no more than 4% of paraffinic hydrocarbons. The content of the latter is determined by sulphonation of the toluene with concentrated sulphuric acid or with 20% oleum. Sulphonated aromatic compounds are washed out with water to leave the paraffin hydrocarbon which is not affected by oleum. 

All of die papers in diis book were presented at meetings of die American Chemical Society. Twenty-two were presented at the alkylation symposium sponsored by the Division of Petroleum Chemistry in New Orleans on March 21 and 22, 1977. This symposium was chaired by the editors of this book. Four of the papers were presented earlier at the Symposum on New Hydrocarbon Chemistry this symposium, also sponsored by the Division of Peti oleum Chemistry, was held in San Francisco, August 29 to September 6,1976. G. A. Olah and L. Schmerling chaired the symposium. One paper was presented at the First Chemical Congress of the North American Continent in Mexico City in December 1975. 

Throughout human history, people have collected petroleum to burn in lamps to provide light. They found petroleum seeping from cracks in rocks in certain locations. In fact, the word petroleum literally means "rock oil" and is derived from the Latin words for rock petra) and oil oleum). In the 19th century, as the U.S. entered the machine age and its population increased, the demand for petroleum to produce kerosene for lighting and as a machine lubricant also increased. Because there was no reliable petroleum supply, Edwin Drake drilled the first oil well in the United States near Titusville, Pennsylvania in 1859. The oil industry flourished for a time, but when Edison introduced the electric light in 1882, investors feared that the industry was doomed. However, the invention of the automobile in the 1890s soon revived the industry on a massive scale. 

Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 15-17 Stoessell, R.K. and C.H. Moore, 1983. Chemical constraints and origins of four groups of Gulf Coast reservoir fluids. The American Association of Peti oleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 896-906... 

Petroleum (rock-oil, derived from Latin petra, meaning rock or stone, and Latin oleum, meaning oil) occurs widely in the earth as a gas and a liquidJ Petroleum is a mixture of gas, liquid, and solid hydrocarbon-type chemical compounds that occur in sedimentary rock deposits throughout the world. In the crude state, petroleum has minimal value, but when refined, it provides high-value liquid fuels, solvents, lubricants, and many other products. 

Petroleum is perhaps the most important substance consumed in modem society. It provides not only raw materials for the ubiquitous plastics and other products but also fuel for energy, industry, heating, and transportation. The word petroleum, derived from the Latin petra and oleum, means literally rock oil and refers to hydrocarbons that occur widely in the sedimentary rocks in the form of gases, liquids, semisoUds, or solids. 

Petroleum Sulfonates Products of the refining of selected petroleum fractions with concentrated sulfuric acid or oleum, in the production of white oils. Metal or ammonium salts of sulfonated complex cycloaliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. 

The light petroleum of various boiling ranges is generally sufficiently pure for most purposes. Unsaturated hydrocarbons can be removed by treatment with fuming sulfuric acid (oleum). 

Petroleum Fractions. Oleum and SO3 are employed in the manufacture of oil-soluble sulfonates from petroleum lubricating oils. These products are consumed in thousands of tons annually as rust preventives, additives for heavy-duty engine lubricants, and emulsifiers. They are obtained as a by-product from the manufacture of mineral white oils, but since World War II the demand for the sulfonates has increased so much more rapidly than that for white oil that the former are now produced per se. 

Petroleum Lubricant Raffinates. As stated previously, the sulfonation of these materials resembles that of dodecylbenzene regarding process details and reagents used (SO3 or oleum), but differs in that petroleum oils are only partially sulfonatable and in that the reaction is often done in stages for better sulfonate yield and lower acid consumption. 

In the detergent industry sulphonation processes with sulphuric acid, oleum and SO3-complexes are essentially of historical significance, and are not any longer used in developed countries. In the production of white oils, however, sulphonation with concentrated sulphuric acid and oleum is still used. The sulphuric acid treatment of selected petroleum fractions lead to petroleum sulphonates the sodium or ammonium salts of which are used in tertiary oil recovery, metallurgy, froth flotation and concrete industry, while the magnesium, calcium and barium salts are used as dopes in fuels and lubricants. The sulphonation with chlorosulphonic acid continue to remain useful in batch processes, typically on a relatively small scale ... 

Higher derivatives of sulfuric acid are 23-25% oleums, 65% oleums and pure SO3, as well as liquid SO2, which find applications in organic and petroleum processing. 

A large number of sulfuric acid and oleum plants use elemental sulfur as the main raw material. Liquid sulfur is taken out from the mines and is solidified. It is then made available as solid lumps or powder. Sulfur is also supplied as granules when recovered as elemental sulfur from petroleum refineries (by partial oxidation of H2S). 

Oil mist, mineral Paraffin oil Paraffinum liquidum Petrolatum liquid Petroleum oil White mineral oil White oil Definition Liq. mixture of hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum by intensive treatment with sulfuric acid and oleum, or by hydrogenation, or a combination consists of predominantly C15-50 sat. hydrocarbons... 

When petroleum or kerosene (as the raw materials for gas oil or lubricants) are purified by using oleum or sulfuric acid, a reaction with the aromatic compounds takes place. While these substances were originally seen as waste products, later their chemical structures and surface-active properties were identified, thus leading to special applications for such products. Nowadays, petroleum fractions with a high content of aromatic hydrocarbons are treated with sulfur trioxide to form alkylaryl sulfonates. These products are then transformed into the sodium, ammonium or alkaline-earth salts. They are soluble in oils and therefore are of some importance as additives in lubricants, oil fuels and corrosion-inhibiting oils. Further more, they are also used as auxiliaries in production of fabrics and as dispersants in enhanced oil recovery processes. 

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