Industries petroleum

Petroleum is a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons of variable composition depending on its origin alkanes, cyclic hydrocarbons (cyclopentane, cyclohexane), and aromatic hydrocarbons. Crude oil always contains light gases (methane, ethane), particles in suspension, more or less brackish fossil water, and sulphur compounds. The sulphur content ranges from 0.5 to 3 %, depending on its origin. 

The idea of using aluminium in the petroleum industry goes back to the 1920s, especially as screens in tanks in order to limit evaporation [5, 6]. 

Aluminium has several advantages in the petroleum industry. It resists atmospheres containing carbon dioxide CO2, hydrogen sulphide H2S, sulphur dioxide SO2 and ammonia NH3 very well, as well as the marine environment in the case of offshore installations [7]. Aluminium alloys do not alter the aspect of polymer granules, because the corrosion product alumina gel is white. 

However, for heat exchangers, the use of aluminium alloys is limited to temperatures below 100-150 °C. The drop in the mechanical strength at higher temperatures must be taken into account, and certain reservations as to fire resistance must be overcome (see Chapter G.7). 

The resistance of aluminium in contact with petroleum and naphtha (a mixture of hydrocarbons in C5 and Ce) is excellent. Tests have shown that crude oil from the Sahara 

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Although side-stripper arrangements are common in the petroleum industry, designers have been reluctant to use the fully thermally coupled arrangements in practical applications until recently. 

In the petroleum industry the term gum refers to the dark coloured polymer formed by the oxidation of certain unsaturated compounds of cracked or reformed gasolines. 

Rectification is of the greatest industrial importance in particular, it is the principal separation process employed in the petroleum industry. 

Asphaltenes have high concentrations of heteroelements sulfur, nitrogen, nickel and vanadium. Their content varies widely in petroleum oils (Table 1.5). They cause a number of problems throughout the petroleum industry. 

All the problems briefly described above justify the large effort to characterize asphaltenes by techniques seldom found elsewhere in the petroleum industry. One of these is to analyze asphaltenes by steric exclusion... 

Liquid phase chromatography can use a supercritical fluid as an eluent. The solvent evaporates on leaving the column and allows detection by FID. At present, there are few instances in the petroleum industry using the supercritical fluid technique. 

We will begin by a brief review of the concept of the X-ray fluorescence analytical method widely used in the petroleum industry for studying the whole range of products and for analyzing catalysts as well. 

The petroleum industry faces the need to analyze numerous elements which are either naturally present in crude oil as is particularly the case for nickel and vanadium or those elements that are added to petroleum products during refining. 

Furthermore, molecular analysis is absolutely necessary for the petroleum industry in order to interpret the chemical processes being used and to evaluate the efficiency of treatments whether they be thermal or catalytic. This chapter will therefore present physical analytical methods used in the molecular characterization of petroleum. 

One has seen that the number of individual components in a hydrocarbon cut increases rapidly with its boiling point. It is thereby out of the question to resolve such a cut to its individual components instead of the analysis by family given by mass spectrometry, one may prefer a distribution by type of carbon. This can be done by infrared absorption spectrometry which also has other applications in the petroleum industry. Another distribution is possible which describes a cut in tei ns of a set of structural patterns using nuclear magnetic resonance of hydrogen (or carbon) this can thus describe the average molecule in the fraction under study. 

Chromatographic techniques, particularly gas phase chromatography, are used throughout all areas of the petroleum industry research centers, quality control laboratories and refining units. The applications covered are very diverse and include gas composition, search and analysis of contaminants, monitoring production units, feed and product analysis. We will show but a few examples in this section to give the reader an idea of the potential, and limits, of chromatographic techniques. 

Knowledge of physical properties of fluids is essential to the process engineer because it enables him to specify, size or verify the operation of equipment in a production unit. The objective of this chapter is to present a collection of methods used in the calculation of physical properties of mixtures encountered in the petroleum industry, different kinds of hydrocarbon components, and some pure compounds. 

The required degree of purity varies with the application but the requirements in this domain are sometimes very important. Several tests are employed in the petroleum industry. 

The national organizations are often relayed into each profession by a body created and financed by this profession and which undertakes all or part of the work in preparing the standards. In the petroleum industry, this role is carried out in France by the BNPet (Bureau de Normalisation du Petrole) and in Germany by the FAM (Fachausschuss Mineralol-und Brennstoffnormung), in the United Kingdom by the IP (Institute of Petroleum), and in the USA by the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). In the first two cases, the standards are published only by the national organizations (AFNOR and DIN respectively), while the IP and the ASTM also publish their own documents, only some of which are adopted by the BSI and ANSI, respectively. 

Appendix 1 comprises a series of tables giving the principal characteristics of pure components most commonly found in the petroleum industry and supplying data for calculation of some useful properties. 

Petroleum Industry Gas chromatography is ideally suited for the analysis of petroleum products, including gasoline, diesel fuel, and oil. A typical chromatogram for the analysis of unleaded gasoline is shown in Figure 12.25d. 

EETROLEUM-NOP NCLATURE IN TTiE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY] (Voll8)... 

PETROLEUM-NOTffiNCLATURE IN TTiE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY] (Voll8) -gasoline standards [GASOLINE AND OTTiER MOTOR FUELS] (Vol 12)... 

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