Petroleum and natural gas industries

Petroleum and Natural Gas. Over 90% of the 428,000 t of caustic soda used in the petroleum and natural gas industry is used to process oil and gas into marketable products, especially by removing acidic contaminants. The remainder is used primarily to decrease corrosion of drilling equipment and to increase the solubiUty of drilling mud components by maintaining an alkaline pH (6). 

Drilling Muds in the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry. Since 1941, chromium chemicals have been used in the drilling of wells to combat fatigue corrosion cracking of drill strings, with about one metric ton of sodium chromate being used aimuaHy for an average West Texas well. Other early uses were in gas-condensate wells in Louisiana and East Texas. 

ISO 10436 1993 Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries—General purpose Steam Turbine for Refinery Service, 1st Edition. 

A weekly publication of the Petroleum Publishing Company. This is a business- and technology-oriented publication for the petroleum and natural gas industry. It gives marketing production and exploration studies and industrial statistics, as well as current news. There are articles on processes, processing techniques, and costs. It is oriented toward the businessman and the production engineer. 

Bolted Bonnet Steel Gate Valves for Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries... 

ISO 10436, Petroleum and natural gas industries — General-purpose steam turbines for refinery service. 

So, at the beginning of the 25-year period here commemorated, alcohols, glycols, aldehydes, and ketones, chlorinated hydrocarbons, esters, and ethers—all so vital in their direct uses or as chemical building blocks—were beginning to be produced by synthesis from hydrocarbons provided by the already well-grown petroleum and natural gas industries. Subsequent developments came in rapid succession, with remarkably little in-... 

Existing AGR processes envisioned for use in the production of synthetic fuels from coal face unique challenges because these AGR processes were developed primarily in response to the needs of the petroleum and natural gas industries where crude gas mixtures are relatively well-defined. In contrast to crude gas mixtures in the petroleum and natural gas industries, crude coal gasifier gas generally contains much more carbon dioxide, a much higher ratio of carbon dioxide to hydrogen sulfide, and many trace contaminants. The AGR step in synthetic fuels production from coal must be capable of performing two tasks (1) separation... 

Alkanolamines are used for gas cleaning (i.e., to remove carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from gas streams) (Fig. 2), particularly in the petroleum and natural gas industries. 

Although VLE in the critical region is of considerable importance in petroleum and natural-gas industries, most chemical processing is accomplish at much lower pressures. As indicated in Chap. 11, the primary reason f departures from Raoult s law for systems at pressures well below the critic pressure is that liquid solutions rarely conform to ideal-solution behavior. Th phase behavior at low to moderate pressures is conveniently classified accordi... 

In the early part of this century, coal and coal tar products were the main source of bulk chemicals. Acetylene was the major feedstock, obtained by converting coal to calcium carbide followed by hydrolysis. As the petroleum and natural gas industries developed, ethylene and other products obtained by cracking hydrocar-... 

Another class of equations, known as extended virial equations, was introduced by Benedict, Webb, and Rubin [/. Chem. Phys. 8 334-345 (1940) 10 747-758 (1942)]. This equation contains eight parameters, all functions of composition. It and its modifications, despite their complexity, find application in the petroleum and natural gas industries for light hydrocarbons and a few other commonly encountered gases [see Lee and Kesler, AIChE/., 21 510A527 (1975)]. 

The ICC process has recently brought a number of associations that serve the petroleum and natural gas industries to the fold, all in support of developing codes and standards for hydrogen energy systems. 

The Chao-Seader correlation is widely used in the petroleum and natural gas industries. Waterman and Frazier describe its use in the design of a wide variety of distillation separations involving light hydrocarbons. Correlations more sophisticated than the C-S correlation can give more accurate results in certain ranges of conditions. However, Lo showed that computing requirements can become excessive and extrapolation more uncertain when more complex equations are utilized. 

Landers et al. (1995) examined US arctic ecosystems from 1990 to 1993 and obtained low values for total Hg in two lichens Cetraria cucullata and Masonhalea richardsoni 0.043 and 0.056 xg g , respectively. Mereury values in liehens which showed a negative eonnection with distance from the marine coastline suggested the impact of natural sources, i.e. marine aerosols and lithologic sources associated with the coastal plain, in addition to anthropogenic sources industrial emissions by petroleum and natural gas industries located near Prudoe Bay and Barrow in Alaska. 

By agreement with ISO/TC 61 Plastics, coated fabrics, flexible cellular materials and hose, whether made of rubber or plastics, are also dealt with in ISO/TC 45. In the case of speciality hoses of strong user interest to other TCs, e.g., TCs 22 Road vehicles, 44 Welding and allied processes, 67 Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum and natural gas industries and 131 Fluid power systems, TC 45 will mutually agree with the user TC concerned on the appropriate method of establishing or revising the International Standards concerned. 

NACE MRO 175/ISO 15156-2, Petroleum and natural gas industries—materials for use in H2S containing environments in oil and gas production — Part 2 cracking-resistant carbon and low alloy steel, and the use of cast iron, NACE International, Texas, USA, 2003. 

ISO 15589-1, Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries—Cathodic Protection of Pipeline Transportation Systems. Part I, Onshore Pipelines A polarised potential of 950 mV is required for the effective control of microbial corrosion. 

ISO 17776 2000(E), 2000. Petroleum and natural gas industries—Offshore production installations— Guidelines on tools and techniques for hazards risk assessment. 

ISO 13628-2 2000 Petroleum and natural gas industries — Design and operation of subsea production systems — Part 2 Flexible pipe systems for subsea and marine applications... 

American Petroleum Institute (API). Standard 521 Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries, Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring Systems. Standards Document Addendum May 2008. 

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