Inhibitors petroleum industry

Corrosion inhibitors are the subject of several topics in petroleum industries, such as transport and completion. They are detailed in Chapter 6. 

The history of corrosion inhibitors and neutralizers and their invention, development, and application in the petroleum industry is documented by a review of Fisher [605]. Early corrosion inhibitor applications in each of the various segments of the industry, including oil wells, natural gas plants, refineries, and product pipelines, are reviewed. 

The use of various substances as additives to process streams to inhibit corrosion has found widespread use and is generally most economically attractive in recirculation systems, however, it has also been found to be attractive in some once-through systems such as those encountered in the petroleum industry. Typical inhibitors used to prevent corrosion of iron or steel in aqueous solutions are chromates, phosphates, and silicates. In acid solutions, organic sulphides and amides are effective. 

Marchon . [Albright Wilson Am.] Catalyst in hydrogenation reactions corrosion inhibitor for petroleum industry. 

Witcor. [Witco] Corrosion and scale inhibitor, surfactant for petroleum industry, water treatment... 

Influence of Unstable Pseudoemulsion Film Antifoaming and Defoaming Action. When the pseudoemulsion films are unstable in the three-phase foam, the oil generally destabilizes the foam. Destabilizing of foam has important applications as antifoaming or defoaming in several industrial processes (83, 84). Foam inhibitors are also used in the petroleum industry, such as in gas—oil separation, in natural gas processing, and in distillation processes (85). 

Witcamine . [Witco/Organics Witco SA] Amines emulsifin, lubricant wettii agott penetrant corrosion inhibitor, antistat diq>ersant for water treatment petroleum industry, metal processing, textiles, ore flotation, leather. 

OTHER COMMENTS used in the rubber and petroleum industry used as a corrosion inhibitor in iron, steel and metal industries used as a selective solvent for the removal of impurities from oils, fats, and waxes useful in flotation agents, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. 

Very often the long experience with chemicals operating as corrosion inhibitors, e. g. in the oil field, gas or petroleum industry, is taken as an example for the successful use of corrosion inhibitors for many decades. This undoubtedly is true and the overwhelming majority of literature on corrosion inhibitors deals with the effects of inhibitors on uniform corrosion, e. g. of steel in acidic or neutral solutions, where they can be classified into [2] a) adsorption inhibitors, acting specifically on the anodic or on the cathodic partial reaction of the corrosion process or on both reactions (mixed inhibitor), b) JUm-forming inhibitors, blocking the surface more or less completely, and c) passivators, favouring the passivation reaction of the steel (e. g. hydroxyl ions). 

The consumption of inhibitors in the petroleum industry is directly connected to the size of the petroleum-based production market. This in turn is tied to the price of crude oil. The overall consumption of gasoline in the United States has increased only slightly since 1980. Although there are more cars on the road, the average consumption of gasoline has decreased. Increasing quantities of cmde oil on a relative basis are being imported Ifom the Middle East. 

Corrosion Inhibitors and Their Applications in the Petroleum Industry... 

M. Miksic, A.Y. Furman, M.A. Kharshan (2009). Effectiveness of the corrosion inhibitors for the petroleum industry under various flow conditions. NACE, Paper 09573, Corrosion 2009, USA. 

The petroleum industry generally solves the emulsion problem by adding demulsifiers in an ad hoc manner, often based on simple bottle tests. There are many problems associated with this solution. First, the chemical composition of a given well changes with time and can in a worst-case scenario result in a composition totally incompatible with the given demulsifier. Second, little is known about the exact interaction between demulsifiers and other chemical additives (e.g., corrosion inhibitors and flow enhancers ). One may, flierefore, create a new problem by solving another. 

Uses Scale inhibitor for oil field applies. detergent, suspending agent, dispersant, precipitation inhibitor for petroleum industry scale inhibitor in mfg. of paper/paperboard in contact with aq./fatty foods Regulatory FDA 21CFR 176.170... 

J. Bregman, Inhibition in the petroleum industry, in Proceedings of the Third European Symposium on Corrosion Inhibitors, University of Ferrara, Italy, 1970, p. 365. 

In practice, inhibitors are often defined according to their field of application. In aqueous environments, inhibitors for acid environments are typically used to minimize metal corrosion during pickling of steel, an operation that removes oxide scales by dissolution in an acid. In the petroleum industry, large quantities of inhibitors for acid environments are used to avoid corrosion of drilling equipment. Inhibitors for neutral environments are used above all for the protection of cooling-water circuits. Inhibitors not only reduce the rate of uniform corrosion, but they also serve to protect metals from localized corrosion and stress corrosion cracking [18]. 

The ability of aminated compounds to inhibit corrosion on metallic surfaces via adsorption phenomena has been already certified. Since operations taking place at interfaces are greatly affected by variations in surface tension, aminated surfactant molecules are expected to provide even better results. This has been the case, when self-assembled micellar or microemulsion systems are used as corrosion inhibitors. In that aspect, surfactants may be used as organic corrosion inhibitors, and act by forming a protective film onto surfaces which are exposed to corrosive media, like oxygen and saline or acidic solutions. When microemulsions are used, an oil film is also adsorbed onto the surface with the surfactants tails oriented towards it, in view of the usually positive character of the surface. In the petroleum industry, the oil itself may be the nonpolar component of such systems. Figure 15.10 is a schematic of these types of films. 

Uses Emulsifier, dispersant for emulsifiable cones. corrosion inhibitor, emulsifier in metal treatments emulsifier in asphalt and petroleum industries pulp and paper antistat... 

Uses Chem. intermediate for mfg. of cosmetics, surfactants, corrosion inhibitors, cutting oils, cement additives, herbicides, polishes, and petroleum industry Properties APHA40 max. vise. Iiq. char, odor sp.gr. 1.1220-1.130 EEW140-145 ... 

Uses Fertilizer refrigerant nitriding of steel condensation catalyst neutralizer extraction solvent petroleum industry latex preservative explosives taste and odor control agent in water treatment condensate conosion inhibitor buffer in cosmetics foods (processing aid) phamiaceuticals (alkalizing agenL buffer) microbial fermentation nutrient in food-pkg. applies. 

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