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Petroleum industry, during the

To summarize, it is proper to stress that catalytic technology—through research, development, and commercialization—has greatly contributed to the progress of fundamental science as well as to the expansion of the petroleum industry during the last score of years. [Pg.530]

U he real ntwl for the use of formed clt)sures on cylindrical vessels artwe with the development of the power steam b< iler early in the nineteenth century. As a result of the frequent occurrence of boiler explosions, the British House of Commons in 1817 made the recommendation that the heads of cylindrical boilers be hemispherical (12). Since then a wide variety of formed closures termed heads have been developed, standardised, and extensively used in the fabrication of prowss pressure ve sls. The develppment of the thermal cracking process in the petroleum industry during the period from 1915 to 1930 resulted in the construction of thousands of prewure vessels with formed heads operating in the range of from 100 to 400 psi. The heads of t he rly vessels usually were of the torispherical-dish type with a small knuckle radius. [Pg.76]

The petroleum industry faces the need to analyze numerous elements which are either naturally present in crude oil as is particularly the case for nickel and vanadium or those elements that are added to petroleum products during refining. [Pg.34]

Considerable interest arose during the 1970 s and 1980 s in the use of micro-organisms to produce useful fatty adds and related compounds from hydrocarbons derived from the petroleum industry. During this period, a large number of patents were granted in Europe, USA and Japan protecting processes leading to the production of alkanols, alkyl oxides, ketones, alkanoic adds, alkane dioic acids and surfactants from hydrocarbons. Many of these processes involved the use of bacteria and yeasts associated with hydrocarbon catabolism. [Pg.334]

T he petroleum industry entered the field of aromatics production largely because the unprecedented demand for toluene for the manufacture of TNT at the outbreak of World War II in 1939 could not be met by other sources. As a result of its efforts, the industry supplied 75 to 85% of all the toluene which was nitrated for TNT production during the latter years of World War II. Since that time the petroleum refiners have remained in the field and at present they are major suppliers of toluene and xylenes. In Table I it is shown that in 1949 about 59% of the toluene and 84% of the xylenes produced in the United States were derived from petroleum sources. The petroleum industry has diversified its operations in the field of aromatics production until at present a variety of materials is offered. Table II presents a partial list of the commercially available aromatics, together with some of their uses. A number of other aromatics, such as methylethyl-benzene and trimethylbenzene, have been separated in small scale lots both as mixtures and as pure compounds. [Pg.301]

At the same time as the lower paraffins were being pressed into service, the second world war led to the manufacture of aromatics from petroleum. New methods of isolating, isomerizing, and dehydrogenating petroleum naphthenes were devised on the basis of petroleum techniques. During the war, manufacture of toluene and xylene was established since then, benzene has been added, because the growing demands of the chemical industry could not be met from the conventional source, coke-oven tar. [Pg.323]

The followers—Standard Oil of Indiana (Amoco), Atlantic Refining (Arco), Mobil, Texaco, and British Petroleum—entered the industry during the war. Of these, Mobil and Texaco proved unsuccessful in commercializing products from the new technology, as were Ashland, Occidental, and France s Blf-Atochem, which entered after the war. [Pg.173]

After the Second World War, the world saw five petroleum crises. However, these had little influence on the American petroleum industry because of the good relationship that existed between the government and the petroleum companies. Because of this good relationship, the petroleum industry had the opportunity to extract cheap oil from the Arabian East. This explains why prices for petroleum products were constant in the time between 1947 and 1967. There was an increase in petroleum import during this period because the petroleum imported from the Arabian East was 15-20 times cheaper than domestic petroleum. [Pg.176]

The production of smokeless fuel briquettes, both for domestic and industrial use, from bituminous coal using a binder is an old art and there are several commercial processes available (Franke, 1930 Haake and Meyer, 1930 Rhys Jones, 1963 Schinzel, 1981 Perlack et al., 1986). But the increasing use of petroleum, gas, and electricity for heating purposes and the reduction in the number of individual heating plants have caused a reduction in the use of coal briquettes. In spite of this, and contradictory as it may seem, the increased use of petroleum has been of some value to the briquetting industry. During the last 20 years the intense competition from petroleum products, as well as an increase in demand by consumers for briquette quality, led to automation of the production of briquettes and a continuous improvement in quality. [Pg.525]

The following is a brief selective list of major worldwide fire and explosion incidents within the petroleum and chemical industries during the last ISyears, i.e., 1995 to 2013 (the first edition of this book contains major incidents firam 1960 to 1994 both onshore and offshore, greater than 100,000,000 in direct property loss. Numerous smaller incidents have been recorded that are not listed here but may be studied in other references. Financial losses are mosdy direct property losses and may not include business interruption, legal, environmental cleanup, and company stock value impacts. [Pg.118]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.278 ]




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