Petroleum extractive industries

Deuel, L. E. and Holliday, G. H. (1997) Soil Remediation for the Petroleum Extraction Industry, PennWell Publishing, Tulsa OK, p. 212. 

Solvent extraction may also be used to reduce asphaltenes and metals from heavy fractions and residues before using them in catalytic cracking. The organic solvent separates the resids into demetallized oil with lower metal and asphaltene content than the feed, and asphalt with high metal content. Figure 3-2 shows the IFP deasphalting process and Table 3-2 shows the analysis of feed before and after solvent treatment. Solvent extraction is used extensively in the petroleum refining industry. Each process uses its selective solvent, but, the basic principle is the same as above. 

Goretti et al. [113] discussed the thin layer chromatographic determination of the constituents of ether extracts of industrial waste water. A light petroleum extract of the... 

Uses Amyl alcohol is produced during the fermentation of grains, potatoes, and beets. It is produced during the acid hydrolysis of petroleum fraction. Application of amyl alcohol in industries is very large including manufacturing of lacquers, paints, varnishes, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, plastics, rubber, explosives, hydraulic fluids, extraction of fats, and petroleum refinery industries. 

Solvent Extraction Performance in Petroleum Refining Industry (Lube Oil Refining Subcategory) Using Extractor (Spray Column Contactor and Stripping Column) and Solvent (Isobutylene)... 

The large volume and wide application of sulfuric acid in the chemical and petroleum refining industries has meant that the per capita production of sulfuric acid is one of the better indicators of the industrial development of a country. Less circumstantial anomalies occur in a listing of annual sulfuric acid production (Table 9.5), a chemical product, than occurs with per capita sulfur production, an extractive product. Thus, average sulfuric acid production levels of the developed countries are from 50 up to 200 kg per capita per year compared to less than 5 kg per capita for Third World countries. 

The many applications of petroleum have been known from ancient times. Initially, primitive ways were employed in petroleum operations. Examples include collecting petroleum from the ground surface and the processing of oil sands. The development of the petroleum industry started when mechanical drilling for oil wells for petroleum production was employed in 1859 in the USA. Practically all petroleum extracted in the world now makes use of mechanical drilling. 

It is also possible to prevent the loss of the light fractions of petroleum by application of rational systems of petroleum extraction, gas treatment, and petroleum stabilization before its subsequent transport and storage. It is necessary to understand that stabilization of petroleum in this case is the extraction of light hydrocarbons (which under normal conditions are gases) for further processing in the petrochemical industry. 

See also Biofuels and Synthetic Fuels Coal Gasification Hazardous-Waste Disposal Hydroelectric Power Plants Industrial Pollution Control Petroleum Extraction and Processing Steam Energy Technology Wind Power Technologies. 

National governments have been concerned with safeguarding the supply of gasoline for their industries and citizens. This has led to conflicts triggered in part by disputes and fears over petroleum extraction, such as arguably the United Nation s successful termination of Iraq s occupation of Kuwait (1990-1991). 

Petroleum extraction and processing is the human exploitation of fossil fuels consisting of hydrocarbons in the form of crude oil and natural gas. The primary use of processed petroleum products is as powerful fuels, particularly for transportation in the form of gasoline, diesel fuel, or jet fuel, and for heating purposes, which account for 84 percent of petroleum use. The remainder of processed petroleum products is used in the petrochemical industry as fuel additives and to create applications such as plastics, specialty chemicals, solvents, fertilizer, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. Worldwide, about 37 billion barrels of crude oil and natural gas are extracted each year. 

Petroleum extraction and processing encompass the activities through which crude oil and natural gas are taken from their natural reservoirs below the surface of the earth on land and sea and treated so they can be used as fuels and materials for the petrochemical industry. Reservoirs can be detected by applying the results of petroleum geology, the science describing under what circumstances oil and gas reservoirs were created during ancient times and how they can be found. 

Petroleum extraction and processing is the center of one of the world s most valuable industries. From 2005 to 2009, annual global production of crude oil and natural gas yms remarkably constant at around 37 billion barrels of oil equivalent (BOE). This... 

Petroleum coke (also known as pet coke) is a carbonaceous solid derived from the cracking processes of oil refineries and has been a source of relatively cheap pulverized fuel for the kiln industry. It is called green coke until it is thermally treated into crystalline or calcined pet coke used in the manufacture of electrodes for steel and aluminum extraction. Green coke comes from several sources, all from the petroleum refinery industry. Table 6.2 gives some green coke analyzed by Polak (1971) showing their sources and their elemental analyses. 

Many industries require large quantities of materials that are taken from Earth by the extractive industries. This may result in the disruption of the geosphere from mining and dredging and from pumping petroleum. The other major effect on the geosphere results from the need to dispose of wastes. Scarce land may be required for waste disposal dumps, and the geosphere may become contaminated with pollutants from disposed wastes. 

All of this changed with the industrial revolution. Large-scale soil, water, and air pollution began to occur as a result of heavy industries such as the production of iron and steel, as well as industrial mining and petroleum extraction. These industries distributed chemical risk beyond the individual level to that of the community. Epidemiology, the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence and distribution of disease conditions in defined human populations, joined forces with toxicology, and studies began to assess the relative risk that chemical exposures exacted upon human communities and populations. 

Martinez, J. L., Earl, C. B., and Craig, T. L., 1971, The Wellman-Lord SO2 Recovery Process—A Review of Industrial Operation, paper presented at the Enviroiunental Quality Conference for the Extractive Industries of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., Washington, D.C.. June 7-9. 

The US petroleum refining industry generates sales of over 730 billion with only about 143 plants. It employs 62,000 people. About 90% of the produets used in US are fuels of whieh 43% is gasoline. Figure 13.20.1 illustrates how the produets breakdown. The proeess is described in detail in Chapter 3. Emissions of hydrocarbons to the atmosphere occur at almost every stage of the production process. Solvents are produced in various processes and they are also used to extract aromatics Irom lube oil feedstock, deasphalting of lubricating base stocks, sulfur recovery from gas stream, production of solvent additives for motor fuels such as methyl tert-butyl ether and tert-amyl methyl ether, and various... 

Dr. Ancheyta has worked for the Mexican Institute of Petroleum (IMP) since 1989. He currently serves as project leader of research and development. He has also worked as professor at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels for the School of Chemical Engineering and Extractive Industries at the National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico (ESIQIE-IPN) since 1992 and for the IMP postgraduate school since 2003. He has supervised more than one hundred BSc, MSc, and PhD theses. He has also supervised a number of postdoctoral and sabbatical-year professors. 

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