Lewis petroleum industry

The correlation of Chao and Seader has been computerized and has been used extensively in the petroleum industry. It provides a useful method for estimating high-pressure vapor-liquid equilibria in hydrocarbon systems over a wide range of temperature, pressure, and composition, and presents a significant improvement over the previously used A -charts first introduced by W. K. Lewis, B. F. Dodge, G. G. Brown, M. Souders, and others (see D6) almost forty years ago. However, the Chao-Seader correlation is unreliable at conditions approaching the critical. Various extensions have been proposed (G2), especially for application at extreme temperatures. 

Lewis, V.E. Minyard, W.F. Antifoaming and Defoaming in Refineries in Foams, Fundamentals and Applications in the Petroleum Industry, Schramm, L.L. (Ed.), American Chemical Society Washington, DC, 1994, pp. 461—483. 

Drummond, I., Murray, N., Armstrong, T., Schnatts, A. R., and Lewis, R. J. (2006). Exposure assessment methods for a study of mortality and cancer morbidity in relation to specific petroleum industry exposures. J Occup Environ Hyg 3, 513-520. 

Catalytic cracking in the petroleum industry is a very important process in which heavy oils are converted into gasoline and hghter products. This occurs through carboneum ion formation in the presence of zeolite catalyst (Lewis acid, L) as follows ... 

A few last details may be given about Keyes, which should further demonstrate the crucial importance of the evolution of organic industries immediately after the first world war. After studying under G. N. Lewis, Keys focused not only on lacquers, as we have seen, but also on synthetic dyes. Later on, he moved toward petroleum chemistry and specialized in problems of molecular cracking because he also had a good deal of experience in distillation processes while he worked for the U.S. Industrial Alcohol Company of New York in the early 1920s (43). 

Bryant, J.S. Moores, C.W. Disposal of hazardous wastes from petroleum refineries. Proceedings, 45th Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, West Lafayette, IN, 1990 Lewis Publishers, Inc. 

Wong, J.M. Hazardous waste minimization (SB 14) in California petroleum refineries. Proceedings of 50th Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI, 1993. 

Mos of the solid carbonaceous material available to industry is derived from the pyrolysis of petroleum residues, coal, and coal tar residues. Understanding the reactions occurring during pyrolysis would be beneficial in conducting materials research on the manufacture of carbonaceous products. The pyrolysis of aromatic hydrocarbons has been reported to involve condensation and polymerization reactions that produce complex carbonaceous materials (I). Interest in the mechanism of pyrolysis of aromatic compounds is evidenced in a recent study by Edstrom and Lewis (2) on the differential thermal analysis of 84 model aromatic hydrocarbons. The study demonstrated that carbon formation was related to the molecular size of the compound and to energetic factors that could be estimated from ionization potentials. 

Thanks to the leadership of Lewis and his colleagues, the chemical engineering department became an intellectually powerful center during this period. Its preeminence was fostered by the publication of the pioneer text in 1923, Principles of Chemical Engineering, by Walker, Lewis, and William H. McAdams. At the same time, Lewis developed a new kind of relation with industry, one that proved to have enormous impact on the chemical process industries and on teaching and research in academia. In fact, petroleum refining was the industry that provided the key to many future developments in chemical engineering. 

The most common catalysts used in plastic cracking are acidic solids, mainly alumina, amorphous silica-alumina and zeolites. These materials are the catalysts typically used in the petroleum processing and petrochemical industries. They have very different textural and acid properties, which directly determine their catalytic activity and product selectivity. Thus, while the acidity of alumina is of Lewis type, both Brdnsted and Lewis acid sites may be present in amorphous silica-alumina and zeolites. This is an important factor because... 

NurdogaN Y., Schroeder R. P. and Meyer C. L. (1994) Selenium removal from petroleum r nery wastewater, 49th Purdue Industrial Waste Conference Proceedings. Lewis Pubhshers, Chelsea, MI. 

Petroleum emulsions have been used to prevent the formation of foams, or destroy foams already generated, in various industrial processes [155], The rapid spreading of drops of low surface tension oil over lamellae ruptures them by providing weak spots [J56]. Polydimethyl-siloxanes are frequently used as practical antifoaming agents because they are insoluble in aqueous media (and some oils), have low surfaee tension and are not overly volatile. They are usually formulated as emulsions for aqueous foam inhibiting so that they will readily heeome mixed with the aqueous phase of the foam. A review of refinery foam oeeurrenees and treatment is given hy Lewis and Minyard [157]. 

Normally intramolecular elimination of alkane from alkyl(hydride) complexes occurs readily and is favoured thermodynamically. There is interest, however, in the possibility of carrying out the reverse reaction, the addition of a C—H bond to an unsaturated transition metal centre. Alkanes are susceptible to electrophilic attack, for example by Lewis or Br nsted acids which convert linear alkanes into their branched isomers via carbonium ion intermediates. Linear and cyclic alkanes can be converted into aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrogen over metal surfaces such as platinum. These reactions are carried out on a large scale industrially in the reforming of petroleum. 

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