Regional Petroleum Industry

It would be appropriate to say at this point that this chapter deals more with crude oil economy than with crude oil chemistry. However, the aim of this chapter is to show the importance of crude oil chemistry not only for crude oil chemists, but also for all of mankind. Almost everything around us is derived from crude oil. This includes plastic parts, car fuel, jet fuel, oils, and even asphalt on the road these are all made from petroleum. It is hard to imagine what modern life would look like without these items, which began their existence from the oil well. 

Petroleum is responsible not only for making our life more comfortable, but also it has a great influence on international politics. It is well known that crude oil is often called black gold . This name emphasizes the importance of petroleum vis-a-vis the world economy. 

The foregoing discussion explains why this chapter deserves a place in this book. It helps us to understand the importance of crude oil chemistry for the people making decisions about the future of petroleum education, for example. This chapter shows new impressive sides of this branch of study. 

Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 

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Approximately two thousand years ago, Arabian scientists developed methods for the distillation of petroleum, which were introduced into Europe by way of the Arabian incursions into Spain. Petroleum, used in China since it was encountered when drilling for salt, appears in documents of the third century. The Baku region of northern Persia was also reported by Marco Polo in 1271—1273 as having a commercial petroleum industry. 

In general there is considerable variation in the geothermal gradient throughout the United States and the world. Also, in many regions of the world where there is evidence of rather thin crust, the relationship between temperature at depth and depth may not be approximated by the linear function given in Equation 2-163. The increase in temperature with depth has important consequences for drilling and production equipment that is used in the petroleum industry. The viscosity... 

In the coal-mining industry, more than 300 mines are operated in three coal-mining regions Ukraine produces only 5 5 million tons of its own oil, but the ramified network of oil pipelines supports the operation of 10 petroleum plants. The Ukrainian gas pipelines transport the Russian gas to Central and Western Europe. 

Petroleum products are obtained from crude oil. In the process of getting the crude oil from the ground to the refinery, many possibilities for emission of hydrocarbon and reduced sulfur gaseous emissions occur. In many cases, these operations take place in relatively remote regions and affect only those employed by the industry, so that little or no control is attempted. 

The difficulties encountered in the Chao-Seader correlation can, at least in part, be overcome by the somewhat different formulation recently developed by Chueh (C2, C3). In Chueh s equations, the partial molar volumes in the liquid phase are functions of composition and temperature, as indicated in Section IV further, the unsymmetric convention is used for the normalization of activity coefficients, thereby avoiding all arbitrary extrapolations to find the properties of hypothetical states finally, a flexible two-parameter model is used for describing the effect of composition and temperature on liquid-phase activity coefficients. The flexibility of the model necessarily requires some binary data over a range of composition and temperature to obtain the desired accuracy, especially in the critical region, more binary data are required for Chueh s method than for that of Chao and Seader (Cl). Fortunately, reliable data for high-pressure equilibria are now available for a variety of binary mixtures of nonpolar fluids, mostly hydrocarbons. Chueh s method, therefore, is primarily applicable to equilibrium problems encountered in the petroleum, natural-gas, and related industries. 

Natural gas and petroleum pipelines play a crucial role in Russia s economy, both in distributing fuel to domestic industrial consumers and in supporting exports to Europe and countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (former USSR). Their complex network connects production regions with virtually all of Russia s centers of population and industry. Pipelines are especially important because of the long distances between Siberian oil and gas fields and Russia s European industrial centers as well as countries to the west. 

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