Pesticide Economics

Synthetic organic fibers, 24 614 Synthetic organic insecticides, 14 339 Synthetic organic pesticides, economic aspects of, 18 532... 

Osteen, C. and F. Kuchler (1986). Potential bans of com and soybean pesticides Economic implications for farmers and consumers. AER Report 5416. Washington, DC USDA, ERS. 

Sargsyan, V., Ecologic-Economical System of Models of Determination of Optimal Quantities of Pesticides. Economic Independence of Republic of Armenia (collection of articles), Erevan, Armenia Erevan Institute of National Economy, 1993. 

Halogenation of nitromethane is utilized to produce two economically important pesticides, chloropicrin [76-06-2J, a soil fumigant, and bronopol, a biocide useful for control of microbial growth in cosmetics and industrial appHcations. 

A pesticide manufacturing plant should prepare a hazard assessment and operability study and also prepare and implement an emergency preparedness and response plan that takes into account neighboring land use and the potential consequences of an emergency. Measures to avoid the release of harmful substances should be incorporated in the design, operation, maintenance, and management of the plant. Implementation of cleaner production processes and pollution prevention measures can yield both economic and environmental benefits. 

Webster s Third International Dictionary refers to a pesticide as an agent (as a chemical) used to destroy a pest Economic poison. The Federal Register for March 27, 1964, further defines... 

In this chapter, the agricultural, economic, and environmental impacts of pesticide use in world and U.S. food production are analyzed. In addition, an assessment is made of the potential that substituting nonchemical controls for some pesticide use would have in reducing chemicals and providing adequate pest controls. 

ICAITI. An Environmental and Economic Study of the Consequences of Pesticide Use in Central American Cotton Production Final Report, Central American Research Institute for Industry, United Nations Environment Programme Guatemala, 1977. 

USDA. 1978. Farmers use of pesticides in 1976. Agricultural economic report No. 418. Washington, DC Report to U.S. Department of Agriculture by Economics, Statistics, and Cooperative Services, 16. 

The natural and socio-economic differences within the EU require the most decisions on the monitoring and enforcement of residues in the environment as well as measures to redress failures at local, regional, and national levels. Therefore, no harmonized limits for pesticides in soil and in air exist. 

Until 1991, manufacturers seeking authorizations for pesticides had to fulfil country-specific requirements of validation of enforcement methods. The term enforcement method means analytical methods which are developed for post-registration control and monitoring purposes. The harmonization of these requirements was initiated with the European Economic Community (EEC) Council Directive 91/414/EEC and temporarily finalized with the Guidance Document on Residue Analytical Methods SANCO/825/00 rev. 6, dated 20 June 2000 [Santd et Protection des Consommateurs (SANCO)]. The evaluation of validation studies by the competent authority is conducted by comparison of these European Union (EU) requirements with the study results and most often without any practical experience of the method. Some details of this evaluation are discussed below. 

Similar findings on dairy farms in Canada were reported by Stonehouse, et al. (2001). The superior economic performance on organic dairy farms was attributed to lower costs of production for almost all material inputs, including dairy herd replacements and livestock feeds. The organic dairy farmers used more land for feed crop production for the dairy cows in order to be as self-sufficient as possible. The conventional dairy farmers imported crop seeds, synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides, feedstuffs and herd replacements, with more of their land being devoted to cash crops. 

Many other topics in addition to those covered by the titles in these symposia were proposed, and may form the basis for future symposia. Other suggestions included the broad and important topic of formulation, which may many times have an important relation to the effectiveness of the economic poison for the purpose for which it is designed, may be modified to prepare a given pesticide for different uses, and may also influence its toxicity to warm-blooded animals. A report of work on methods of application and their relation to effectiveness was suggested, including much work on the use of concentrated sprays. 

The fundamental chemistry, especially of the newer economic poisons, is of primary importance. The mechanism of action of the various types of economic poisons and the relation of structure to toxicity of insects are of fundamental interest. Chemical versus biological methods of evaluation should be presented. Performance methods of evaluation of these chemicals have been given careful consideration by several workers. Emphasis was placed by several workers on the need for much additional information on various aspects of the problem regarding the use of DDT, 2,4-D, and other pesticides. There is direct importance in studies on the metabolism of DDT. 

Agricultural Chemicals, has forcefully discussed research needs from the standpoint of the experiment stations, and pleads for an intensive attack on pesticidal problems through an organized fundamental type of research. Such an attack needs continued expansion to all research in the broad field of economic poisons as well as in agriculture. 

Why is the world use of economic poisons being retarded The price paid for the pesticide by the ultimate consumer is frequently prohibitive in importing countries. The quality of the pesticides obtained from the major producing countries is excellent, but this quality is of little value if the price prevents its use. A few examples may be quoted to demonstrate this point. 

Pesticides and the equipment with which they are applied are so fundamentally associated that it is astonishing to see how often these two items are separated. Pesticides are frequently sold in a foreign area with complete disregard of the available means of application yet the whole future market depends mainly upon the proper distribution of the materials. The want of suitable equipment can be a very serious factor in retarding the use of economic poisons. 

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