Polymeric pesticide

Manufacture of rubber chemicals, textile specialties, solvents, flotation agents, resins, pesticides, polymerization inhibitors, dyes, pharmaceuticals, petroleum chemicals, and corrosion inhibitors. Electroplating. 

AI3-24215 CCRIS 4792 DEA Diaethylamin Diathylamin Diethamine Oiethylamine Dietilamina Dwuetyloamina EINECS 203-716-3 Ethanamine, N-ethyl- N-Ethylethanamine HSDB 524 N,N-Diethylamine UN1154. Used in rubber chemicals, textile specialties, selective solvent, dyes, flotation agents, resins, pesticides, polymerization inhibitor, pharmaceuticals, petroleum chemicals, electroplating, corrosion inhibitors. Liquid mp = -49.8° bp = 55.5 d O = 0.7056 Xm = 194, 222 nm (e n 2951, 295, gas) soluble in EtzC, CCI4, very soluble in H2O, freely soluble in EtOH LD50 (rat orl) = 540 mg/kg. Air Products i Chemicals Inc. Allchem Ind. BASF Corp. EWAtochem N. Am. Union Carbide Corp. 

Empirical CisFIjoOsS /2Ca Properties M.w. 346.54 HLB 9.0 anionic Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 4 g/kg, (oral, mouse) 3680 mg/kg TSCA listed Uses Emulsifier, wetting agent for herbicides, pesticides, polymerization, industrial use dispersant for textiles, coatings, leather lubricant demulsifier emulsifier in food pkg. 

Uses Emulsifier, wetting agent for herbicides, pesticides, polymerization, industrial use dispersant for textiles, coatings, leather lubricant demulsifier emulsifier in food pkg. 

Other Uses. Other appHcations for sodium nitrite include the syntheses of saccharin [81-07-2] (see Sweeteners), synthetic caffeine [58-08-2] (22), fluoroaromatics (23), and other pharmaceuticals (qv), pesticides (qv), and organic substances as an inhibitor of polymerization (24) in the production of foam blowing agents (25) in removing H2S from natural gas (26) in textile dyeing (see Textiles) as an analytical reagent and as an antidote for cyanide poisoning (see Cyanides). 

Oxidative Reactions. The majority of pesticides, or pesticide products, are susceptible to some form of attack by oxidative enzymes. For more persistent pesticides, oxidation is frequently the primary mode of metaboHsm, although there are important exceptions, eg, DDT. For less persistent pesticides, oxidation may play a relatively minor role, or be the first reaction ia a metaboHc pathway. Oxidation generally results ia degradation of the parent molecule. However, attack by certain oxidative enzymes (phenol oxidases) can result ia the condensation or polymerization of the parent molecules this phenomenon is referred to as oxidative coupling (16). Examples of some important oxidative reactions are ether cleavage, alkyl-hydroxylation, aryl-hydroxylation, AJ-dealkylation, and sulfoxidation. 

Alkyl sulphoxides occur widely in small concentrations in plant and animal tissues. No gaseous sulphoxides are known and they tend to be colourless, odourless, relatively unstable solids soluble in water, ethyl alcohol and ether. They are freely basic, and with acids form salts of the type (R2S0H) X. Because sulphoxides are highly polar their boiling points are high. Their main use is as solvents for polymerization, spinning, extractions, base-catalysed chemical reactions and for pesticides. 

The main purpose of pesticide formulation is to manufacture a product that has optimum biological efficiency, is convenient to use, and minimizes environmental impacts. The active ingredients are mixed with solvents, adjuvants (boosters), and fillers as necessary to achieve the desired formulation. The types of formulations include wettable powders, soluble concentrates, emulsion concentrates, oil-in-water emulsions, suspension concentrates, suspoemulsions, water-dispersible granules, dry granules, and controlled release, in which the active ingredient is released into the environment from a polymeric carrier, binder, absorbent, or encapsulant at a slow and effective rate. The formulation steps may generate air emissions, liquid effluents, and solid wastes. 

Figure 13.15 Chromatograms obtained by on-line ti ace enrichment of 50 ml of Ebro river water with and without the addition of different volumes of 10% Na2S03 solution for every 100 ml of sample (a) blank with the addition of 1000 p.1 of sulfite (b) spiked with 4 p.g 1 of the analytes and 1000 p.1 of sulfite (c) spiked with 4 p.g 1 of the analytes and 500 p.1 of sulfite (d) spiked with 4 p.g 1 of the analytes without sulfite. Peak identification is as follows 1, oxamyl 2, methomyl 3, phenol 4, 4-niti ophenol 5, 2,4-dinitrophenol 6, 2-chlorophenol 7, bentazone 8, simazine 9, MCPA 10, atrazine. Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography, A 803, N. Masque et ai, New chemically modified polymeric resin for solid-phase extraction of pesticides and phenolic compounds from water , pp. 147-155, copyright 1998, with permission from Elsevier Science.

N. Masque, M. Galia, R. M. Marce and P. Borrull, New chemically modified polymeric resin for solid-phase extr action of pesticides and phenolic compounds from water , 7. Chromatogr. 803 147-155 (1998). 

C. Aguilar, I. Feirer, R Bonnll, R. M. Marce and D. Barcelo, Monitoring of pesticides in river water based on samples previously stored in polymeric cartridges followed by on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid cliromatography-diode array detection and confirmation by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry . Anal. Chim. Acta 386 237-248 (1999). 

Chlorinated dibenzo ip-dioxins are contaminants of phenol-based pesticides and may enter the environment where they are subject to the action of sunlight. Rate measurements showed that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is more rapidly photolyzed in methanol than octachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin. Initially TCDD yields 2,3,7-trichlorodiben-zo-p-dioxin, and subsequent reductive dechlorination is accompanied by ring fission. Pure dibenzo-p-dioxin gave polymeric material and some 2,2 -dihydroxybiphenyl on irradiation. Riboflavin-sensitized photolysis of the potential precursors of dioxins, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,5-trichloro-phenol, in water gave no detectable dioxins. The products identified were chlorinated phenoxyphenols and dihydroxy-biphenyls. In contrast, aqueous alkaline solutions of purified pentachlorophenol gave traces of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on irradiation. 

The presence of Increased eunounts of NDPA in trlfluralin was observed In a matter 6f days In the tin containers stored at ambient temperatures. No corrosion Inhibitors were added to the tin containers. Container manufacturers use a flux In the tinning process, many contain either nitrite or nitrate salts. Thus, the potential for the nltrosatlng agents exists as part of the metallic film In a seemingly clean tin container. In addition. Archer and Wlshnok (1976) demonstrated the formation of nltrosamlnes from constituents of polymeric liners of metal cans. Container specifications are vital for pesticide formulations prone to be nltrosated. 

To solve this problem, modern pesticide formulations use a variety of additives (adjuvants) to improve the mass efficiency. Surfactants and polymeric rheology modifiers are used to reduce spray drift, surfactants are used to modify surface tension and reduce... 

Polymeric precolumns of styrene-divinylbenzene were used by Aguilar et al. to monitor pesticides in river water. Water samples (50 mL) were trace enriched on-line followed by analysis using LC combined with diode-array detection. LC atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) MS was used for confirmatory purposes. It was found that after the pesticides had been extracted from the water sample, they could be stored on the precartridges for up to 3 months without any detectable degradation. This work illustrates an advantage of SPE for water samples. Many pesticides which may not be stable when stored in water, even at low temperature, may be extracted and/or enriched on SPE media and stored under freezer conditions with no detectable degradation. This provides an excellent way to store samples for later analysis. 

The most common methods for trapping pesticide vapors from air use adsorbents. Common air sampling adsorbents include charcoal (derived from petroleum or coconut) and synthetic polymeric materials, such as cross-linked polystyrene and open-cell polyurethane foam. Charcoal has been used for the cumulative sampling of volatile... 

Used in the manufacture of pesticides, herbicides, veterinary medicines, polymerization initiators, blowing agents, and other chemicals. 

Polymeric trigonal bypiramidal Sn structure 221 with trans O—Sn—O binding. Also variable-temperature 119Sn Mossbauer spectroscopy (see compound 50 in Table 5). These compounds are important pesticides. 

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