Personal care products anionic

The total worldwide consumption of AOS in 1990 was of the order of 85,000 tonnes [12] split between household products (55,000 tonnes) toiletries and personal care products (20,000 tonnes), and industrial and institutional uses (10,000 tonnes). The worldwide consumption of all synthetic detergents in 1990 was as follows (1) anionics (3,390,000 tonnes), cationics (815,000 tonnes), and nonionics (910,000 tonnes). From the total of 5,115,000 tonnes, AOS consumption accounts for 1.5%. 

Cationic and hydrophobe modified polysaccharides are preferred excipients for personal care products since they are substantive (adherent) to anionic or hydrophobic substrates (skin, hair, mucosa), hydrophilic, film forming, compatible with many therapeutic agents, nonpenetrating, and nonirritating. Polymer JR and Quatrisoft (Figure 1), are two such materials... 

Sulfonation and sulfation processes are utilized in the production of wateT-soluble anionic surfactants as principal ingredients in formulated light-duty and heavy-duty detergents, liquid hand cleansers, general household and personal care products, and dental care products. Other commercially significant product applications include emulsifiers, lube additives, sweeteners, pesticides, medicinals. ion-exchange resins, dyes and pigments. 

Applications. Sarcosinates show low irritation potential and are good foamers. Due to these properties they find applications in personal care products where synergistic effects with other surfactants may also be exploited. In combination with other anionics, sarcosinates will often detoxify the formulation and give improved foaming and skin feel. Sarcosinates are also used for their hydrotropic properties - the addition of sarcosinate to other anionics often gives a reduced Kraft point or a raised cloud point if combined with non-ionic surfactants. Lauroyl sarcosinate is used to formulate SLS-free toothpastes which are claimed to have improved taste profile. 

Hydroxysultaines find use in personal care products, where they function as secondary surfactants to enhance the properties of anionic-based formulations, in much the same way as betaines. They are also among the best lime soap dispersants known, so they are used effectively in natural soap based products where they make the use of hard water practical. They are also used in petroleum production chemicals were they serve as foaming agents for acid and foam fracturing procedures. 

The change in charge with pH of amphoteric surfactants affects their properties, such as wetting, detergency, and foaming. Atthe i.e.p., the properties of amphoterics resemble those of nonionics very closely, but below and above the i.e.p. the properties shift towards those of cationic and anionic surfactants, respectively. Zwitterionic surfactants have excellent dermatological properties, and also exhibit low eye irritation consequently, they are frequently used in shampoos and other personal care products (e.g., cosmetics). 

The salts of monoesters of sulphuric acid (mainly known as alkyl sulphates, alcohol sulphates or sulphated higher alcohols and ether sulphates or sulphated ethoxylated alcohols) have been proceeded for tens of years through the competition with alkylbenzenesulphonates and other anionic and nonionic surfactants with respect to the consumer s merits and cost performance. Among other surfactants, the today s world consumption share of alcohol sulphates and ether sulphates is ca. 25 % in household and laundry aids and ca. 20 % in personal care products [81]. The formers are mostly based on sulphates of petrochemical origin whereas the least are more oriented to sulphates from oleochemicals. 

As shown in Figure 22.1, 7% of total surfactants are used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, especially in personal care products such as shampoos, bath preparations or toothpastes. Surfactants are important in their function as emulsifiers in creams and lotions. A great variety of anionic, nonionic, cationic and also amphoteric surfactants are used here. 

Different analytes are determined by using electrochemical techniques such as differential pulse voltammetry (e.g., metal ions and chlorhexidine in oral care products, glycolic acid in creams, dyes in lipsticks) or potentiometry (e.g., inorganic compounds and anionic and cationic surfactants in personal care products). Modified carbon electrodes and biosensors have been developed to determine some cosmetic ingredients by techniques such as voltammetry or potentiometry. 

In recent years, protein-based surfactants are finding some applications in personal care products due to their abilities to interact with skin and hair." A-acyl polypeptide condensates (protein derivatives) belong to the mild surfactant category with foaming performance inferior to alkyl sulfates, but they produce creamy lather and leave hair feeling soft and manageable. However, it appears that extra attention and care should be taken to ensure preservation of these protein derivatives due to compatibility with other anionic surfactants when present in shampoo formulations. 

Takehara et al. also investigated the physicochemical properties of acylamino acid and found them to have superior surface activities at the weakly acidic pH around 5-6, similar to skin pH, even its anionic character [33,34]. Further, they developed various application formulas, such as solid cleansers, shampoo, and creamy or paste-type facial cleansers for acylglutamate [35]. These various research efforts led to the commercialization of acylglutamate in 1972 less than a decade later, a new market was established in Japan for mild cleansers [36]. This is the first commercial application of acylamino acid to have a significant impact on the personal care industry. Since then, many amino acid derivatives, such as acylsarcosinate and acylmethytaurate, have been utilized for personal care products. The applications of acylglutamate have been further extended to almost all types of personal care applications due to the mildness features that the market demands. 

Surfactants are consumed in various industrial applications directly or indirectly connected to our daily lives. Market shares of surfactants in the United States in 1997 are shown in Figure 1. Consumption of household cleansing products, personal care products, and industrial and institutional (I I) cleansing products exceeds more than 60% of the 5.14 billion pounds of surfactants produced in the United States in 1997 [1]. In Japan, I I consumption exceeds over 50% of total production [2]. Anionic surfactants are the most common type utilized for every application because of their highly effective detergency and relatively lower cost. Thus anionic surfactants dominate household cleaning products. 

STEPAN CO. Personal Care Products Surfactants (Continued) Anionics (Continued) ... 

Amphoterics are usually used in conjunction with other surfactants (anionics or nonionics) to boost desired properties such as foam or detergency. Since the optimal surface activity of amphoterics takes place around neutral pH, they are particularly appreciated in personal care products (shower gels, foam baths, shampoos, etc.) for their mildness and skin compatibility. 

Other, even more specialized amide surfactants are known and used in selected products [17]. Sodium cocoyl sarcosinate (CS) and sodium cocoyl tau-rate (CT) are amide-based specialty anionic surfactants closely related to sodium cocoyl isethionate (CIS) structurally (Fig. 13) [18]. All are mild to skin and useful in personal care products. These three surfactants are some-... 

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