Peritoneal cavity proteins

The fluid and protein shift into the abdomen (called third-spacing) may be so dramatic that circulating blood volume is decreased, which causes decreased cardiac output and hypovolemic shock. Accompanying fever, vomiting, or diarrhea may worsen the fluid imbalance. A reflex sympathetic response, manifested by sweating, tachycardia, and vasoconstriction, may be evident. With an inflamed peritoneum, bacteria and endotoxins are absorbed easily into the bloodstream (translocation), and this may result in septic shock. Other foreign substances present in the peritoneal cavity potentiate peritonitis, notably feces, dead tissues, barium, mucus, bile, and blood. 

In an important study, Kirton et al. [5] engineered a mouse-human chimeric antibody and demonstrated that this was able to reduce leukocyte migration in various in vitro and in vivo mouse models. In particular, leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity was reduced by 40% in the thioglycollate inflammation model using mice expressing human SSAO/VAP-1 protein. The Finnish company Biotie Therapies Corporation, is in clinical development with an antibody to VAP-1 [54],... 

Endometriosis is abnormal growth of endometrial tissue in the peritoneal cavity. Women with this disorder have dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility. Danazol (Danocrine) is a 2,3-isoxazol derivative of 17a-ethynyl testosterone (ethisterone) that has weak virilizing and protein anabolic properties. It is effective in endometriosis through its negative feedback... 

U- 4C]Pentachloroethane injected into the peritoneal cavity of male Wistar rats and BALB/c mice was found to bind to DNA (as well as RNA and proteins) in liver, stomach, lung and kidney. Adducts were not identified (Turina et al., 1989). 

Ascitic fluid derived from the peritoneal cavity of mice or rats that have been injected with hybridomas contain high concentrations of MAb (2—10 mg/mL), but this is usually mixed with variable amounts of blood cells, proteins, and fatty materials. It is therefore necessary to separate these components from the ascitic fluid before attempting purification of the MAb. 

Both urea and creatinine will be elevated with renal injury, and the elevations in both are usually proportional. Calculation of the ureaxreatinine ratio may implicate extrarenal causes for the analyte elevations (see Limitations of the Method , below). Extremely high ureaxreatinine when both are elevated (where urea is elevated markedly out of proportion to creatinine) indicates decreased renal blood flow, urinary tract obstruction or extravasation of urine into the peritoneal cavity. Elevation in the ureaxreatinine ratio as a consequence of pure urea elevation implicates gastrointestinal hemorrhage, high protein diet, increased protein catabolism, or loss of muscle mass. A decreased ratio indicates primary liver dysfunction (due... 

P-ARK An enzyme that phosphoylates the occupied form of a G-protein coupled receptor, e.g. the 6-adrenoceptor, leading to uncoupling of that receptor and desensitization. ARMI age-related memory impairment, arrhythmia (dysrhythmia) An abnormality of heart rhythm or rate of heartbeat, usually caused by disturbance of the electrical impulses and their conduction within the heart. They include ectopic beats (isolated irregular beats), tachycardias (too fast a heartbeat), bradycardias (too slow a heartbeat) and atrial flutter and ventricular fibrillation. Arthus reaction A severe local inflammatory response, a skin reaction characterized by erythema, oedema, necrosis, local haemorrhage. A type III hypersensitivity reaction. Arunlakshana and Schild plot See Schild plot, ascites fluid The fluid that accumulates in the peritoneal cavity during certain pathological conditions, aspiration The withdrawal of fluid or tissue from the body by suction. 

Fig. 4. In vivo gene delivery into mouse ascites tumor cells with Bubble liposomes. S-180 cells (1x10 cells) were i.p. injected into ddY mice. After 8 days, the mice were anaesthetized, then injected with 510 p.L of pCMV-Luc (10 p.g) and Bubble liposomes (500 pg) in PBS. Ultrasound (frequency 1 MHz, duty 50% intensity 1.0 W/cm, time 1 min) was transdermally applied to the abdominal area. In another experiment, pCMV-Luc (10 pg) - Lipofectin (50 pg) or Lipofectamine 2000 (50 pg) complex was suspended in PBS (510 pL) and injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice. After 2 days, S-180 cells were recovered from the abdomens of the mice. Luciferase activity was determined, as described in Materials and Methods. Each bar represents the mean S.D. (/j=3-6). P<0.01 compared to the group treated with plasmid DNA, Bubble liposomes, ultrasound exposure or lipofection with Lipofectin or Lipofectamine 2000. LF, Lipofectin. LF2000, Lipofectamine 2000. <10 BLU/mg protein...

The pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities normally contain a small amount of serous fluid that lubricates the opposing parietal and visceral membrane surfaces. Inflammation or infections affecting the cavities cause fluid to accumulate. The fluid may be removed to determine if it is an effusion or an exudate, a distinction made possible by protein or enzyme analysis. The collection procedure is called paracentesis. When specifically apphed to the pleural cavity, the procedure is a thoracentesis if applied to the pericardial cavity, a pericardiocentesis. Paracenteses shordd be performed only by sldlled and experienced physicians. Pericardiocentesis has now been largely supplanted by echocardiography. 

The physiologic characteristics of the peritoneal cavity determine the nature of the response to infection or inflammation within it. The peritonemn is lined by a highly permeable serous membrane with a smface area approximately that of skin. The peritoneal cavity is lubricated with less than 100 mL of sterile, clear yellow fluid, normally with fewer than 300 ceUs/mm, a specific gravity below 1.016, and protein content below 3 g/dL. These conditions change drastically with peritoneal infection or inflammation, as described below. 

Third-spacing—The shift of fluid and protein into the peritoneal cavity and bowel wall lumen that occurs as a result of peritonitis. 

Kidney dysfunction can lead to edema formation as a result of decreased formation of urine and the subsequent imbalance of water and electrolyte (e.g., sodium ion) homeostasis. Retention of salt and water results in an expansion of the extracellular fluid volume and, thus, edema formation. Thus, when salt intake exceeds salt excretion, edema can form. Edema formation also is associated with deceased protein levels in blood, as seen in nephrotic syndrome and liver disease. Cirrhosis of the liver leads to increased lymph in the space of Disse. Eventually, the increased lymph volume results in movement of fluid into the peritoneal cavity and ascites develops. 

Microencapsulation refers to the formation of a spherical gel around each group of islets, cell cluster or tissue fragment. Microcapsules based on natural or synthetic polymers have been used for the encapsulation of both mammalian and microbial cells as well as various bioactive substances such as enzymes, proteins and drugs. A review of alternative semipermeable microcapsules prepared from oppositely charged water soluble polyelectrolyte pairs has been presented in recent papers. The main advantage of this approach is that cells, or bioactive agents, are isolated from the body by a microporous semipermeable membrane and the encapsulated material is thus protected against the attack of the immune system. In the case of microencapsulated pancreas islets, a suspension of microcapsules is typically introduced in the peritoneal cavity to deliver insulin to the portal circulation. 

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