Polyelectrolytes, water-soluble

Water-soluble polyelectrolytes, most usually of the anionic type. 

In a related application, polyelectrolyte microgels based on crosslinked cationic poly(allyl amine) and anionic polyfmethacrylic acid-co-epoxypropyl methacrylate) were studied by potentiometry, conductometry and turbidimetry [349]. In their neutralized (salt) form, the microgels fully complexed with linear polyelectrolytes (poly(acrylic acid), poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide), and polystyrene sulfonate)) as if the gels were themselves linear. However, if an acid/base reaction occurs between the linear polymers and the gels, it appears that only the surfaces of the gels form complexes. Previous work has addressed the fundamental characteristics of these complexes [350, 351] and has shown preferential complexation of cationic polyelectrolytes with crosslinked car-boxymethyl cellulose versus linear CMC [350], The departure from the 1 1 stoichiometry with the non-neutralized microgels may be due to the collapsed nature of these networks which prevents penetration of water soluble polyelectrolyte. 

Significant research has been directed toward the use of polyelectrolyte complexes as blood compatible materials. Several investigators found that water-insoluble polyelectrolyte complexes can suppress blood coagulation [487-490]. Davison and coworkers reviewed and studied the biological properties of water-soluble polyelectrolyte complexes [491] between quatemized poly(vinyl imidazole) or polyvinyl pyridine) and excess sulfonated dextran or poly(methacrylic acid). By forming complexes with a stoichiometric excess of anionic charge, a more compact conformation with anionic character was obtained. 

Kabanov, V.A. and Zezin, A.B. (1984) A new class of complex water-soluble polyelectrolytes. Macromol. Chem. Phys. Suppl., 6, 259-276. 

Maleate Surfmers. Surfmers with allylic, acrylic and vinylic moieties tend to homopoly-merize and produce water-soluble polyelectrolytes if used above their CMC. This has shifted researchers attention to maleic derivatives that do not homopolymerize at normal temperatures because their ceiling temperature is too low. Tauer and co-workers have pioneered the synthetic work [4,15] which led originally to compounds like those given in Figure 6.49. An example of maleic-derived Surfmer used in emulsion polymerization lattices is reported in [16] and the advantages provided in commercial paint formulations are discussed later. 

Izumrudov et al.145) reported non-equimolar water-soluble polyelectrolyte complexes composed of PMAA and quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine) (poly(N-ethyl-4-vinylpyridinium bromide) QPVP). When the pH is increased after making the mixing ratio (expressed as the molar ratio of [QPVP]/ [PMAA]) equal to unity in the neutralization (a) of PMAA beyond a = 0.8, it is confirmed that an equimolar water-insoluble complex is formed. If the initial... 

The water-insoluble PMAA-poly(N-ethyl-4-vinylpyridinium bromide)polyelectro-lyte complex (5 l) formed at pH < 4 becomes soluble if the excess PMAA in the polyelectrolyte complex is ionized110. The solubility of the polyelectrolyte complex is apparently connected with the appearance of high negative charges of the complex particles and is accompanied by a conformational transition of PMAA in excess. It has been proposed that the water-soluble polyelectrolyte complex consists of the nucleus formed by bound base and acid units. This structure is retained in solution due to unbound parts (sequences) of ionized PMAA. 

Davison, C.J. Smith, K.E. Hutchinson, L.E.F. O Mullane, J. Physical and biological properties of water soluble polyelectrolyte complexes. J. Bioact. Compat. Polym. 1990, 5 (3), 267-282. 

ACQ Preserve A Dramatic Pollution Prevention Advancement An Efficient Process for the Production of Cytovene , A Potent Antiviral Agent ULTIMER A Water-Soluble Polyelectrolyte for Wastewater Treatment Manufacturing a Biodegradable Polymer from Renewable Resources ... 

Rivas BL, Pooley SA, Pereira ED, and Maureira A, Water - Soluble polyelectrolytes with metal ion removal ability by using the liquid phase based retention technique, In Proceedings of World Polymer Congress - MACRO 2006, Macromolecular Symposia, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co, KgaA, Weinheim, 2006 pp. 116—122. 

FFFF of water-soluble polyelectrolytes, sulphonated polystyrene and sodium salt of polyacrylic acid proved the applicability of this subtechnique even to the separation of macromolecules [60]. A complication which must be solved is represented by a concentration dependence of the effective dimensions of polyelectrolyte solutions. For this reason it may be difficult to interpret the fractograms obtained so that they may result in a distribution curve of molecular masses of the polymer studied. 

Copolymerization studies demonstrated that aminimide, 1,1-dimethyl-l-(2-hydroxypropyl)amine methacrylimide (DHA) copolymerizes readily with 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) and N-vinylpyr-rolidone (NVP). These copolymers could he thermolyzed in solution to give soluble poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-isopropenyl isocyanate) and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-isopropenyl isocyanate) materials. The reactivity ratios of each monomer pair were determined, and the Alfrey-Price Q and e values for DHA were calculated for DHA (Mt)-4VP (M2), r, = 0.41, r = 0.77, Q = 0.68, and e = 0.58 and for DHA (Mt)-NVP (Mg), r2 = 0.15, r2 = 0.35, Q = 0.14, and e = 0.58. The DHA-4VP copolymers quaternized readily to give a new family of water-soluble polyelectrolyte materials. The various copolymers were examined as adhesion promoters for rubber-tire cord composites. 

Benzonitrile acts in a similar way to form benzoic acid but requires sulfuric acid in the reacting mixture. Nicotinic acid amide (nicotinamide) has been prepared by the mild hydrolysis of 3-cyanopyridine, and acrylamide by the partial hydrolysis of acrylonitrile. Acrylonitrile may also be hydrolyzed to acrylic acid with mineral acids or with alkalies. Polyacrylonitrile is partially converted to the amide by nitric acid, and the nitrile oups of a number of polymers and copolymers have been hydrolyzed to amide and carboxylic acid groups to produce water-soluble polyelectrolytes. Isooyanides are stable toward alkalies but hydrolyze in the presence of acids to form an acid and an amine ... 

Gribel, T Kulicke, W. -M. Hanzemzadeh,A. Characterization of water-soluble polyelectrolytes as examinated by polyfacrylamid-cotrimethylarmnonium-thacrylate chloride) and establishment of structureproperty relationships. Colloid Polymer Sci. 1991,... 

Q. Sun, M.-C. Park, and Y. Deng, Dendritic superstructure formation of polyanihne prepared using a water-soluble polyelectrolyte copolymer as the support matrix. Mater. Lett., 61, 3052-3055 (2007). 

Conjugated polymers are powerfiil fluorescent materials, which makes them suitable for applications as chemical sensors. Chart 13.1 presents the structures of some typical polymers that are applicable for the detection of analytes at low concentrations. These polymers include poly(p-phenylene ethynylene), PPE poly(p-phenylene vinylene), PPV polyacetylene and polyfluorene. Those polymers bearing ionizable pendant groups are water-soluble polyelectrolytes. 

Han, J., Kim, H., Kim, D.Y., Jo, S.M., Jang, S.-Y., 2010. Water-soluble polyelectrolyte-grafted multiwaUed carbon nanotube thin films for efficient counter electrode of dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS Nano 4, 3503-3509. 

The choice of the particular monomers is based on the fact that PI is a nonpolar low Tg polymer, P2VP is a relatively more polar material with a coordinating ability, due to the presence of nitrogen in the side phenyl ring, with high Tg and the potential to be transformed into a water-soluble polyelectrolyte by postpolymerization reaction. On the other hand, PEO is a semicrystalline polymer, water-soluble (polar), and biocompatible. The incorporation of all these diverse properties in the same molecule makes these materials very interesting in terms of their self-organization in solution, bulk, and thin films. 

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