Volume of circulating blood

Plasma protein fractions include human plasma protein fraction 5% and normal serum albumin 5% (Albuminar-5, Buminate 5%) and 25% (Albuminar-25, Buminate 25%). Plasma protein fraction 5% is an IV solution containing 5% human plasma proteins. Serum albumin is obtained from donated whole blood and is a protein found in plasma The albumin fraction of human blood acts to maintain plasma colloid osmotic pressure and as a carrier of intermediate metabolites in the transport and exchange of tissue products. It is critical in regulating the volume of circulating blood. When blood is lost from shock, such as in hemorrhage, there is a reduced plasma volume. When blood volume is reduced, albumin quickly restores the volume in most situations. 

Major blood loss entails the danger of life-threatening circulatory failure, i.e., hypovolemic shock. The immediate threat results not so much from the loss of erythrocytes, i.e oxygen carriers, as from the reduction in volume of circulating blood. 

Merely because a substance depresses blood pressure does not make it a true antihypertensive substance. The level of blood pressure is the resultant of several factors the viscosity of the blood, the cardiac output, the volume of circulating blood, and the state of the arterial and arteriolar bed, which determines the peripheral resistance to blood flow, other factors being equal. This discussion has indicated that peripheral resistance through arteriolar constriction may be affected by renal blood flow and the production of circulating pressor agents. Therefore, a definition of a true antihypertensive substance is necessary, in order that we be not misled by depressor substances which lower blood pressure at a detriment to the body s economy. 

Ivan Applebod. Mr. Applebod was advised that his obesity represents j a risk factor for future heart attacks and strokes. He was told that his body has to maintain a larger volume of circulating blood to service his extra fat tissue. This expanded blood volume not only contributes to his elevated blood pressure (itself a risk factor for vascular disease) but also puts an increased workload on his heart. This increased load will cause his heart muscle to thicken and eventually to fail. 

Heat exhaustion is a type of heat stress caused by water and/or electrolyte depletion. A victim of heat exhaustion may have a normal or even lower-than-normal oral temperature but will typically have a higher-than-usual rectal temperature (i.e., 99.5°F to 101.3°F). Heat exhaustion is caused by prolonged exertion in a hot environment and a failure to replace the water and/or electrolytes lost through sweating. Heat exhaustion causes the body to become dehydrated, which decreases the volume of circulating blood. The various body parts compete for a smaller volume of blood, which causes circulatory strain. A victim of heat exhaustion should be moved to a cool place and made to lie down. Replacement fluid containing electrolytes should be taken slowly but steadily by mouth. 

For sodium and chloride ions, a person would die long before the concentrations of these electrolytes rose to double or fell to half their normal value. This is associated with the fact that sodium and chloride are quantitatively the major electrolytes in the extracellular fluid and provide most of its osmotic pressure. It is the amount of sodium ions in the extracellular fluid which is the prime factor controlling extracellular fluid volume maintenance of the concentration of sodium in this fluid is essential if the extracellular volume is to be maintained together with an adequate volume of circulating blood. 

To measure the volume of the blood in an animal s circulatory system, the following experiment was performed. A 5.0-mL sample of an aqueous solution containing 1.7 X 105 counts per minute (cpm) of tritium was injected into the bloodstream. After an adequate period of time to allow for the complete circulation of the tritium, a 5.0-mL sample of blood was withdrawn and found to have 1.3 X 103 cpm on the scintillation counter. Assuming that only a negligible amount of tritium has decayed during the experiment, what is the volume of the animals circulatory system ... 

Hypertension is a syndrome characterized by elevated arterial blood pressure that depends on a number of factors. Some of the main factors that determine arterial blood pressure are parameters of heart rate, volume, viscosity, and electrolytic contents of circulating blood. 

The first priority in the unconscious patient is the establishment of an airway, which ensures adequate oxygenation and prevents aspiration. Thereafter, restoration of circulating blood volume and maintenance of systolic arterial pressure (SBP) greater than 90 mm Hg are of utmost importance. In pediatric patients, the SBP goal should be in... 

Hypoplasia - Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. Hypotension - Abnormally low blood pressure. Hypovolemia - Abnormally decreased volume of circulating fluid in the body. 

Diazoxide is a parenteral, rapid, and direct-acting vasodilating antihypertensive used in hypertensive emergencies. An IV injection can drop blood pressure by as much as 80 mmHg in 5 minutes. Unlike sodium nitroprusside, however, venous dilation is not part of its mechanism. Chemically it is a benzothiadiazide without the sulfamoyl function at the 7 position (see diuretics). In fact, diazoxide is not a diuretic. Chronic use of diazoxide reflexly increases renin release, which actually counteracts the antihypertensive effect of the drug by expanding the volume of circulating fluid. 

Sodium Urine mmol Yes Indicator of circulating blood volume status... 

Since blood, in order to perform any of its other functions, must be a rapidly circulating medium, it is essential that the volume of the blood, and such physical characteristics as its viscosity, should be suitable for maintaining that circulation. If the volume of the plasma falls, a double strain is put on the heart first, to maintain flow with an inadequate volume for pumping and maintaining pressure second, to maintain this flow in the presence of the increased viscous resistance due to the increased concentration of red cells relative to plasma. ... 

Bloodstream Volume of blood circulating through the heart, arteries, capil... 

Along with a disturbance in fluid volume (eg, loss of plasma, blood, or water) or a need for providing parenteral nutrition with the previously discussed solutions, an electrolyte imbalance may exist. An electrolyte is an electrically charged substance essential to the normal functioning of all cells. Electrolytes circulate in the blood at specific levels where they are available for use when needed by the cells. An electrolyte imbalance occurs when the concentration of an electrolyte in the blood is either too high or too low. In some instances, an electrolyte imbalance may be present without an appreciable disturbance in fluid balance For example, a patient taking a diuretic is able to maintain fluid balance by an adequate oral intake of water, which... 

---