Penetration pressure tests

The fabric s resistance to penetration and absorption of water can be measured by two different kinds of tests simulated rain tests and penetration pressure tests. 

Penetration pressure tests 2.5.1.2.1 Hydrostatic pressure test... 

There are numerous tests for characterizing the mechanicai properties of iubricants cone penetration of greases, extreme pressure tests (as in the four-ball test), etc. 

Water resistance test methods include AATCC 127 (hydrostatic pressure test), AATCC 42 (impact penetration test), and AATCC 35 (rain test). In the hydrostatic pressure test, a sample is subjected to a column of increasing water pressure until leakage occurs. The impact penetration test requires water to be sprayed on the taut surface of a fabric sample from a height of two feet. The fabric is backed by a blotter of predeterrnined weight, which is reweighed after water penetration. The rain test is similar in principle to the impact penetration test. 

Radiographic tests are made on pipeline welds, pressure vessels, nuclear fuel rods, and other critical materials and components that may contain three-dimensional voids, inclusions, gaps or cracks that are aligned so that the critical areas are parallel to the x-ray beam. Since penetrating radiation tests depend upon the absorption properties of materials on x-ray photons, the tests can reveal changes in thickness and density and the presence of inclusions in the material. 

Filter layers, frost penetration, and cap-liner connections are other factors to consider in designing the closure system for a hazardous waste landfill. Before using geotextiles for filter layers in closures, one should conduct pressure tests and clogging tests on the material. Freeze-thaw cycles probably have little effect on membranes, but their impact on clay is still not known. Because of this lack of knowledge, membrane and clay layers should be placed below the frost penetration layer. Finally, a cap membrane should not be welded to the primary FML. Differential settlement in the cap can put tension on the cap membrane. In such a situation, the seam could separate and increase the potential for integration of the surface water collection system into the LDS. 

Bubble Point Pressure Test Membrane filters have discrete pores or capillaries penetrating from one side of the membrane to the other. When a membrane has been completely wetted, Squid is held in these capillary pores by surface tension. The Bubble Point of a membrane is defined as the minimum gas pressure required to break this surface tension and force the liquid out of the capillaries. Bubble point is a measure of relative pore size. 

If pneumatic pressure testing is to be done, all radiographable welds are examined completely by this method and all others by the magnetic particle or liquid penetrant method. Failure during a pneumatic pressure test simply cannot be permitted. 

AATCC 127-1985, Water Resistance Hydrostatic Pressure Test A test specimen, mounted under the orifice of a conical well, is exposed to 10 ml of a liquid and subjected to water pressure increasing at a constant rate until three points of leakage appear on its surface. The pressure level at which penetration occurred is given. (In this study, the test was arbitrarily stopped at 100 cm of water pressure.)... 

Results of the KC Blood Strike Through Test, the Impact Penetration Test, the Hydrostatic Pressure Test, the Biological Fluid Resistance Test (2 psi) were highly correlated (i.e., they differentiated between different types of gowns in a similar manner). 

ISO 811 1981. Textile fabrics - determination of resistance to water penetration -hydrostatic pressure test. International Standards Organisation 1981. 

Although the MINICAM system can detect VX, we were unable to develqi a quantitative penetration cell mediod for VX. The very low equilibrium viqior pressure of VX (0.00063 mm Hg 2S C) (19) prevented reproducible transfer of VX fixim the penetration cell to die MINICAMS detection system. Thus, die only quantitative mechanical module in the DTN for VX is the HS-GC/MS test for VX liquid. Four nanomaterials passed this test (Figure 4). The high correlation of the nanomaterials that passed the HS-GC/MS tests for all diree CWAs (HD, GD, and VX), as well as die penetration cell test for HD and GD, indicates the universal ability of these materials to neutralize both vesicants and nerve agents. 

Non-destmctive testing (NDT) such as dye penetration and hydraulic pressure tests are a must for at least 1.5 times the maximum operating pressure. 

For constant levels of pressure, e erimental data plotted in the form of t/V, V will exhibit either an increasing intercept on the ordinate of the graph in circumstances v 4iere particle penetration is occurring or a nonlineai, initial portion of the graph. Of course, here it is necessary to use new doth material in each pressure test in order to isolate possible causes of blinding other than bridge collapse. The state of the cloth pores after filtration can also be examined microscopically to check for particle penetration. 

All full-penetration, pressure-containing welds are 100% radiographed to the standards of Section III of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Weld preparation areas, back-chip areas, and final weld surfaces are magnetic-particle or dye-penetrant examined. Other pressure-containing welds, such as used for the attachments of nonferrous nickel-chromium-iron mechanism housings, vents, and instrument housings to the reactor vessel and head, are inspected by liquid-penetrant tests of the root pass, the lesser of one-half of the thickness or each 1/2-inch of weld deposit, and the final surface. Additionally, the base metal weld preparation area is magnetic-particle examined prior to overlay with nickel-chromium-iron weld metal. 

The reactor coolant pump pressure boundary is nondestructively inspected as required by ASME Section III for Class 1 components. The pump casing inspections include complete radiography and liquid penetrant or ultrasonic testing. The pump receives a hydrostatic pressure test in the vendor s shop and with the Reactor Coolant System. Inservice inspection of the pump pressure boundary will be performed during plant life in accordance with ASME Section XI. 

The canister water level is lowered slightly, the canister is vented, and the canister lid is seal-welded using an automated welding system. Liquid penetrant examinations are performed on the root and final passes. An ultrasonic or multilayer liquid penetrant examination is performed on the canister lid-to-shell weld to ensure that the weld is satisfactory. The canister lid-to-shell weld is then pressure-tested followed by an additional liquid penetrant examination performed on the canister lid-to-shell weld to verify structural integrity. 

The methods commonly used in determining the hardness of polymers are static indentation methods. Here, the indenter penetrates the test specimen at normal incidence under the application of a known force. Typical forces range from 10 to 1 kN, leading to indentation widths of a few millimeters. The hardness is determined from the optical imaging of the residual width of indentation. Pyramidal indenters are preferred because the contact pressure is independent of the load applied and the indentation is less affected by elastic release than other indenters (1). 

Dye Absorption or Dye Penetration. A test for porosity in ceramic products that are nominally non-porous. It is applied, for example, to porcelain insulators for which B.S.137 stipulates that there shall be no sign of dye penetration after a fractured specimen has been immersed for 24 h in a 0.5% solution of fuchsine in alcohol under a pressure of 14 MNm 2. Dyer Method. A procedure for shaping the socket of a clay sewer-pipe proposed by J. J. Dyer Brick Clay Record 105 (3), 27,1944). 

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 2005a. Determination of particulate filter penetration to test against sohd particulates for negative pressure, air-purif5hng respirators standard testing procedure (STP). NIOSH Procedure No. RCT-APR-STP-0057, 0058, 0059. Cinciimati, OH. 

F903-10 Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Liquids FlOOl-12 Standard Guide for Selection of Chemicals to Evaluate Protective Clothing Materials F1052-09 Standard Test Method for Pressure Testing Vapor Protective Ensembles... 

Class II. Hydrostatic pressure tests to measure the penetration of water as a function of pressure exerted by water standing on the fabric... 

The hydrostatic pressure tests [154] measure water penetration under pressure, but the test results do not correlate with resistance to penetration by rain. The AATCC Test Method 127-1998 [169] uses a Suter apparatus, which subjects the sample to water pressure that is increased at a constant rate by increasing the hydrostatic head (1 cm/s). The lowest hydrostatic head needed to cause water penetration at three different places of the fabric is recorded. The test is suitable for testing tent cloths, tarpaulins, and fabrics coated with an impermeable film (e.g., rubber). 

There are many ways to measure these properties and some of them are proprietary. However, most laboratory tests are standardized by American Standard Testing Methods (ASTM). Many of them are interactive to various degrees. The rate and state of vulcanization is especially important to consider for components of heavier and thicker tines. The heat used to vulcanize the tine in a mold under pressure requites time to penetrate from both sides of the giant tine to the innermost portions. Securing a balanced state of cure, ie, the maximizing of physical properties in all the components, results in the innermost components having a faster rate of cure. The peripheral compounds should have a cure system which holds its physical properties well when overcured. 

The contact an e or adhesion tension of a binder solution with respecd to a powder can be determined from the slope of the penetration profile. Washburn tests can also be used to investigate the influence of powder preparation on penetration rates. The Bartell cell is related to the Washburn test except that adhesion tension is determined by available gas pressure which opposes penetration. [Bartell Osterhof, Ind. Eng. Chem., 19, 1277 (1927).]... 

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