Penetration test

The standard NF T 65-001 gives a classification for bitumen as a function of their hardness. This is measured using a needle penetrability test, which measures the penetration depth of a weighted needle into the bitumen. Five grades have been defined. 

Figure 7 New photothermal camera versus penetrant testing on a crack (width 5 pm) at the surface of Fig 4. part The large arrow shows that the PT indication almost extinguishes at thinner width (approx. I pm) locations along the crack the photothermal signal does not. The bottom little arrow indicates a place where the crack splits in two, which is not revealed on the PT image because of the spreading of the penetrant liquuid.

Development of Theory and Practice of Liquid Penetrant Testing. 

General hydrodynamic theory for liquid penetrant testing (PT) has been worked out in [1], Basic principles of the theory were described in details in [2,3], This theory enables, for example, to calculate the minimum crack s width that can be detected by prescribed product family (penetrant, excess penetrant remover and developer), when dry powder is used as the developer. One needs for that such characteristics as surface tension of penetrant a and some characteristics of developer s layer, thickness h, effective radius of pores and porosity TI. One more characteristic is the residual depth of defect s filling with penetrant before the application of a developer. The methods for experimental determination of these characteristics were worked out in [4]. 

But there are two physical phenomena that were not taken into account in the frame of the theory [1-3], although our last researches demonstrate its principal significance for liquid penetrant testing. The aim of this study is to investigate these phenomena and to determine the restrictions on theory applicability. 

Another phenomenon is so called two-side filling of one-side closed conical capillaries with liquid [5]. On the one hand the more penetrant is trapped by the defect the wider indication will appear. Contrariwise it is almost impossible to extract a penetrant from the completely filled surface defects by dry developer [6]. In this study we propose the theory of the phenomenon. Besides experimental results of the investigation of two-side filling with various penetrants of conical capillaries are presented. Practical recommendations to optimize liquid penetrant testing process are proposed. 

Prokhorenko P.P., Migoun N.P. Introduction To Liquid Penetrant Testing Theory,... 

The removing penetrant test is performed on sanded and cracked reference block defined in standard NFA 09.520 ( see figure 1, annex 1) and permits the evaluation of the washability of penetrants. 

M. Stadthaus Evaluation of the viewing Conditions for fluorescent Magnetic Particle-and Penetrant Testing, INSIGHT Dez. 1997... 

Water resistance test methods include AATCC 127 (hydrostatic pressure test), AATCC 42 (impact penetration test), and AATCC 35 (rain test). In the hydrostatic pressure test, a sample is subjected to a column of increasing water pressure until leakage occurs. The impact penetration test requires water to be sprayed on the taut surface of a fabric sample from a height of two feet. The fabric is backed by a blotter of predeterrnined weight, which is reweighed after water penetration. The rain test is similar in principle to the impact penetration test. 

Water-resistant fabrics protect against water penetration during a light or brief shower and pass AATCC Test Methods 22 and 42 (Impact Penetration Test). 

Hardness (Penetration). The standard test for the hardness of waxes in industry is the penetration test (ASTM D1321). This test measures the depth in tenths of a millimeter that a needle of a certain configuration under a given weight penetrates the surface of a wax at a given temperature. A series of penetrations measured at different temperatures, rather than at a single temperature, is preferred. 

For the asphalt cements produced at that time the adoption of the volatilisation and penetration tests provided some degree of control of excessive changes during plant mixing that might be reflected in more durable asphalts. The adoption of the method for bitumen was intended to provide a means for identifying Trinidad asphalt by observing the amount and color of the insoluble ash. 

Float Test (ASTMD139). The consistency properties of an asphalt at a very low apphed force are indicated by this test. The test is normally used for those asphalts that are too soft for the penetration test. 

Axial eompressor performanee is sensitive to the eondition of the rotor blades. During a major inspeetion, all blades should be eleaned and eheeked for eraeks with a penetrant test. If eraeks are found in any blade, that blade should be replaeed. Oeeasionally, small eraeks ean be blended out, but this proeedure should be approved by the manufaeturer. 

The amount of solvent that can be taken into a vessel for dye-penetrant testing or other purposes should be limited so that evaporation of the complete amount will not bring the concentration above the safe concentration, for example, the threshold limit value, making allowance for the air flow if the vessel is force-ventilated. 

The nail penetration test is very important and is considered to simulate an internal short in a cell. No electronic device can protect against an internal short, so the cell... 

K.G. Ciemens, Penetration Tests With PBX-FUIed Reinforced Plastic Gimlet Warhead , NOTS 1110, NAVORD 3487 (1955) 11) K.S. 

Crowse, J.L., Dejonge, J.O., and Calogero, F. (1990) Pesticide barrier performance of selected nonwoven fabrics in laboratory capillary and pressure penetration testing, Textile Research., 60 137-142. 

Other methods of determining the hardness of a material include a variety of "penetration" tests that yield hardness values measured in scales known as the Brinell, Rockwell (B or C), and scleroscope scales. These scales provide reliable hardness values for most materials, including ceramics, glass, metals and alloys, and wood (see Table 21). Unfortunately, as can be seen in the table, the various tests provide somewhat different hardness values for the same materials. 

Design for Spalling. Breeching, and Fragment Penetration. Test results have been used to empirically derive relationships for the reinforced concrete thickness required to prevent spalling, breeching, or fragment penetration. 

Liquid oxygen, 17 754 shipment of, 17 755 Liquid packaging board, 18 130-131 Liquid penetrant testing (PT), in... 

Penetration tests, 21 743 Penetration theory, in absorption, 1 46 Peng-Robinson equation of state, 24 656, 665, 685... 

Yes, because the Rockwell test is a penetration test, if the material is too thin, the supporting anvil will alter the readings. This is called the anvil effect. 

Thus far, a wide array of useful cell culture models of the corneal epithelium has been established. Many of these cell culture models focus on toxicity testing and ocular irritation, but some cell layer models for drug permeation studies are also available. Indispensable for successful drug penetration testing is a cell layer that exhibits a tight epithelial barrier. This latter requirement of tight barrier properties disqualifies some of the models that were established as substitutes for the Draize test. At least two cell lines are available for pharmaceutical studies and some newer models may qualify as a useful tool, once they are characterized for their barrier properties. 

The float test is used to determine the consistency of asphalt at a specified temperature. One test method (ASTM D139) is normally used for asphalt that is too soft for the penetration test (ASTM D5, D217, D937, D1403 IP 50, 179, 310). 

BETA derivatives of C9-C22 saturated fatty acids, as well as the Cig unsaturated acids, oleic and elaidic, were prepared and evaluated in the previous publication (11). Hydrophobicity determination, via contact angle measurements, proved to be nondiscriminatory and, therefore, a more meaningful test, the sand penetration test was devised. 

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