Radiation tests

P. Mclntire, ed., "Radiography and Radiation Testing," Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Vol. 3, 2nd ed.. The American Society for Nondestmctive Testing, Columbus, Ohio, 1985. 

Radiographic tests are made on pipeline welds, pressure vessels, nuclear fuel rods, and other critical materials and components that may contain three-dimensional voids, inclusions, gaps or cracks that are aligned so that the critical areas are parallel to the x-ray beam. Since penetrating radiation tests depend upon the absorption properties of materials on x-ray photons, the tests can reveal changes in thickness and density and the presence of inclusions in the material. 

Early in the program, critical components (e.g.,the turbomolecular pump) and circuit boards were tested for their ability to survive neutron and gamma irradiation rates and doses similar to those that would be received from exposure to the detonation of a tactical nuclear device. All components were powered up at the start of the gamma irradiation tests but not during the neutron irradiation tests. Circuit boards were protected by circumvention circuits that powered down critical circuits in 10 to lOOps upon detecting radiation. All components survived the nuclear radiation tests. This unusual performance was noted with positive commendations by the staff at the White Sands Missile Range, where the tests were performed. Tests of the fully integrated CBMS II system, installed in a reconnaissance vehicle, will be conducted in the future. 

Two Ger. methods Strahlungsprobe (Radiation Test) and " Stanzprobe (Punch Test) are described on pB299... 

The data for the samples outside of the radiation field were obtained from the same experimental creep apparatus used to measure creep rates during irradiation. The water-cooling system was operated in the same manner as during radiation tests. 

Durchschlags- und Strahlungsproben (Penetration and Radiation Tests). Ger tests similar to those of Lead Place Steel Plate Tests described in Vol 1 of Encycl, p XX under Plate Tests. The Ger test is called also Brisanzplattenbeschuss, which means Brisance Plate Shooting Refs 1) Stettbacher (1933), p36l 2) Stett-bacher (1948), pi 10... 

Stettbacher(Ref 2 Ref 8,p 361) proposed a test which was claimed to det simultaneously brisance and energy. In this method, known as Strahlungs probe (Radiation Test), a finely powdered expl (ca 50g), packed lightly in a thick Fe or Ni crucible, was placed in the center of a square plate of soft Fe, 6.8mm thick, supported on the op of a hollow cylinder. After initiating the expl Dy means of l-2g MF-LA mixt, the detonating effect was measured by the depth of impression... 

Industrial furnace tests, according to UL-1709 standard, have been carried out in a 1.5 m3 furnace (Figure 6.20) for further comparison with the heat radiator test. Different intumescent formulations have been examined The first type comprised three basic intumescent (ingredients include APP, PER, and melamine) epoxy resins (IF1, IF2, and IF3) whose performance is compared to a reference commercial intumescent epoxy resin (IF4). 

FIGURE 6.21 (a) Industrial furnace and (b) heat radiator test on five intumescent formulations. 

We also note that radiated tests usually only bother to measure the E-field — since the H-field is then automatically known, being proportional to the E-field. Of course, the near-field and far-held definitions assume a point source. Therefore, especially in the case of the 3 m test, some further validation to prove that we really do have only far-fields may become necessary. 

Avrami and Voreck (Ref 192) reported on a transient radiation test in which a group of nine expls and proplnts in expln-proof irradiation capsules were subjected to a transient burst of energy of about 1 millisecond duration which resulted from fission of about 10 atoms of. One set of nine capsules was attached to the KIWI reactor pressure vessel and another group on the support structure as part of the KIWI-B4-E excursion expt conducted by Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory at the Nevada Test Site. The materials selected were TATB, DATB and TACOT as the secondary expls, HNS as the booster expl, Pb styphnate as the primary expl, BlkPdr as the igniter, and three composite proplnts. Each capsule contained 3.6 grams of the selected material... 

The tests made include a radiation test and a chemical test. They are briefly described and their results summarized below. They are being continued with a view of both selecting the most promising method among the three and improving the same and also in order to find an even better new method. 

Radiation test was performed at Los Alamos National Laboratoiy s (LANL)— Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) Irradiation of Chips and Electronics (ICE II) House II in September 2012. We irradiated the devices with the available spectrum that emulates the atmospheric neutron flux. The available neutron flux was about 9 x 10 n/(cm s) for energies above 10 MeV. The beam was focused on a spot with a diameter of 2 cm plus 1 cm of peniunbra, thus enough for uniformly irradiate the FPGA. Irradiation was performed at room temperature with normal incidence. 

Fig. 3.69 Percentage performance in heat radiation test conducted in Priifstrahler equipment ...

Figure S6.9 Inserting batteries. Note the radiation testing source on the side of the device.

Bryant LE, Mclntire P eds.. Non-destructive Testing Handbook, Radiography and Radiation Testing, American Society for Non-destructive Testing, 3, 1985. 

There may be cases where FR additives will be required in order to pass severe fire specifications, like the Ml classification of ihe French Building Standard using the Epiradiateur Radiation Test. Also, under the EU Building Products Directive there is now a move to harmonise national fire legislation and testing. The new spread of flame test or SBI test may require some increase in the fire retardancy of current rigid PVC formulations. 

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