Central processor

The input could be from a PC (personal computer), as in word processing, but could equally well be from an instrument the output could be to a video screen, a printer, or to the same or another instrument (Figure 42.9). All these functions are organized by the central processor in so-called real time, i.e., virtually immediately. 

As set out above, certain parts of computer memory are reserved exclusively for the central processor and other parts for driving any peripherals, such as a keyboard. Although this memory can be accessed (read), it cannot be changed, hence its name read-only memory (ROM). The user has... 

By electronic engineering, a system of interconnected switching devices is able to respond in one of only two modes (on or off), and these modes can be controlled at the basic level of a bit. Bits are assembled into bytes, as with an 8-bit device, and through programming of the bytes a computer central processor can be made to follow sets of instructions (programs) written in special languages, either at a direct level (machine code) that can be acted upon immediately by a computer or at a high level that is translated for the user into machine code. 

Movement of information in a computer could be likened to a railway system. Carriers of information (bits or bytes) move together (like a train and wagons) from one location to another along electronic tracks. It is important that no two bits of information are mixed up, and therefore all the moves must be carefully synchronized with a clock. This situation resembles the movement of trains on a railway many trains use the same track but are not all in the same place at the same time. The railways run to a timetable. Similarly, information is moved around the computer under the control of the central processor unit (CPU). 

The user can input commands through a computer program (software), which the central processor will carry out. These programs reside in memory, usually on a disk (either hard or floppy) rather than the processor s own memory banks. 

System hardware consists of the central processor, the input devices (usually a keyboard), the output devices (probably both a video display terminal and a hardcopy printer), long-term storage devices, and perhaps communications components. In smaller systems, more than one of these components may be built in to one unit, while in larger systems there may be many units each of several components associated with the system. 

The central processor (CP) time is based on a CDC Cyber 73 computer. 

The central processor unit (CPU) that does the work... 

The speed of the computer system is generally cited in terms of the number of machine operations that are capable of occurring within a certain period of time. Many times this is listed as the number of cycles per second (hertz) that the central processor unit can operate at. 

E Series Central Processor 85 Mbyte Fixed Disc 320 Kwords Memory Magnetic Tape Unit 4 Graphics Terminals 3 Non-Graphics Terminals Plotter... 

The ASC Central Processor (CP) is made up of three types of components (see Figure 1) The Instruction Processing Unit (IPU),... 

The Operating System (OS) provided by TI for the ASC is a comprehensive and advanced general purpose system. The OS operates entirely within the Peripheral Processor, scheduling and allocating system resources in a multiprogramming environment as required by the users while permitting full utilization of the Central-Processor for users problems and applications. Services provided by the OS include ... 

The intent of this was to start with a useful calculation, which could not be done using brute force techniques, and demonstrate the importance of optimizing the numerical implementation of a reactive flow model to run on a vector computer. As similar problems in combustion become more extensive and intricate, it behooves us to utilize computers in the most efficient manner possible. It is no longer feasible to continue to "ask the computer to do more and more work, without thought as to how a particular problem is to be implemented. The number of problems for which one would like to use a computer, as well as the complexity of these problems, is increasing at an astronomical rate. The other side of the coin, of course is that computers, and especially central processors (CPU s) are becoming cheaper. 

In parallel transmission the outputs of the counter are connected directly to a peripheral interface adapter (PIA) and thence to the data bus of the computer. The computer data bus is a parallel system of conductors by which the binary data is transferred between the central processor, memory and peripheral circuits. As the data bus is used for all data transfer, and each transfer involves different data levels, the data bus can not be continuously connected to the register of the A/D output. The isolation is achieved by means of a series of dual input and-gates with tri-state outputs, one gate for each bit. The and-gate only allows the data on the input to appear at the output on reception of a signal from the computer. 

Table V. CDC 6400 Central Processor Times to Run CsHg + NO - - A/ Chamber Experiment Simulation...

---