Break point

The analysis of the test results shows that non-defect adhesive joints of the carbon plastic are acoustically less active than the glued main material. This can be explained by absence of plasticization effect of the die (adhesive layer). The value of the breaking point ("C ) at the adhesive joints shift is 9,6 M Pa. 

N Diagnostic method Breaking point , MPa Defect identifying parameters ... 

In certain diseases, such as osteomalacia, syphilis, and osteomyeHtis, bones break spontaneously and without a trauma. The severity of the fracture usually depends on the force that caused the fracture. If a bone s breaking point was exceeded only slightly, then the bone may crack rather than break all the way through. If the force is extreme, such as in an automobile collision or a gunshot, the bone may shatter. An open or compound fracture is particularly serious because infection is possible in both the wound and the bone. A serious bone infection can result in amputation. 

Breakings Point (FRAAS, IP 80/53). This test of the Institute of Petroleum is an approximate indication of the temperature at which an asphalt possesses no ductiUty and would reflect brittle fracture conditions. 

Hypochlorous acid reacts very rapidly and quantitatively with a slight excess of free ammonia forming monochloramine, NH2CI, which reacts at a slower rate with additional HOCl forming dichloramine, NHCI2. Trichloramine is formed when three moles of HOCl are added per mole of ammonia between pH 3—4 (100). Hypochlorous acid in the form of chlorine or hypochlorite is used in water treatments to oxidize ammonia by the process of break-point chlorination, which is based on formation of unstable dichloramine. The instabiHty of NHCI2 is caused by presence of HOCl and NCl (101,102). The reaction is most rapid at a pH of about 7.5 (103). Other nitrogen compounds such as urea, creatinine, and amino acids are also oxidized by hypochlorous acid, but at slower rates. Unstable iV-chloro compounds are intermediates in deammination of amino acids (104,105). 

Fig. 5. Effects of nozzle velocity on flame appearance in laminar and tuibulent flow (a), flame appearance (b), flame height and break-point height (40).

While logistics favor the use of the two-pole motors, there is a break point in mechanical design between the four-pole and two-pole motors. Becau.se opinions vary concerning the desirability of two-pole motors, those contemplating their use should first investigate the track record of the motor supplier in the required size range. 

A 5.000 hp break point has been used rather arbitrarily, as larger motors are built, ranging in size to 30,000 hp. Generally as the size increases, the synchronous motor becomes more competitive. However, final selection is not only dictated by the driver economics above, but includes the power system as well. 

Bnich-kupfer, n. scrap copper, -last, /. breaking load, -metall, n. broken metal, scrap metal, -modul, m. modulus of rupture, -probe, /. breaking test, breakdown test, -punkt, m. breaking point, -riss, m. (Meial.) failure crack, -silber, n. broken silver, scrap silver, -spaonung,/. breaking stress tensile strength, -stein, m. quarry stone broken stone, -stelle,/. broken place, place of fracture. -strich, m. (Math.) fraction stroke (between numerator and denominator), -stiick, n. fragment shred, -stiicke, pi. debris scrap, -teil, m. fraction, -zahl, /. fractional number. 

The most difficult feature of this method is that for each type of plant or plant product as well as for each type of equipment there is a break-point where the 0.6 no longer correlates the change in capacity. For small equipment or plants in reasonable pilot or semi-works size, the slope of the cost curve increases and the cost ratio is greater than 0.6, sometimes 0.75, 0.8 or 0.9. From several cost values for respective capacities a log-log plot of capacity versus cost will indicate the proper exponent by the slope of the resultant curve. Extrapolation beyond eight or ten fold is usually not too accurate. 

Pressure Drop at Upper Break Point (Flood) With Water... 

For materials such as rubber bands, the quantity a may be as large as five. At that point, the chains are substantially fully extended. Further stretching may break the rubber band, actually severing the polymer chains at the break point (a chemical reaction ). 

More or less implicit in the theory of materials of this type is the assumption that all the fibers are straight and unstressed or that the initial stresses in the individual fibers are essentially equal. In practice this is quite unlikely to be true. It is expected, therefore, that as the load is increased some fibers will reach their breaking points first. As they fail, their loads will be transferred to other as yet unbroken fibers, so that the successive breaking of fibers rather than the simultaneous breaking of all of them will cause failure. As reviewed in Chapter 2 (SHORT TERM LOAD BEHAVIOR, Tensile Stress-Strain, Modulus of elasticity) the result is usually the development of two or three moduli. 

The rate of catalysis of membrane bound enzymes (Plot B, Figure 1) is more greatly affected than soluble enzymes by lowering the temperature. This is due to the effect of low temperatures on the solidification of the membranes. Thus, an Arrhenius plot of the rate of a membrane-bound enzyme as a function of temperature often shows a discontinuity with a sharp break point (transition temperature) and loss of activity at the temperature where the membrane becomes a gel or more solid phase. 

In the case of precipitation by monovalent salts (NaCl), the phase separation was taken at the initial break points in the resulting optical density versus NaCl concentration curves obtained at 600 nm. This method has been also used to detect the phase separation with CuCl2 at very low polymer concentrations. 

Fig. 31.15. Scree-plot, representing the residual variance V as a function of the number of factors r that has been extracted. The diagram is based on a factor analysis of Table 31.2 after log double-centering. A break point occurs after the second factor, which suggests the presence of only two structural factors, the residual factors being attributed to noise and artefacts in the data.

Water proton self-diffusion exhibits a break point and begins to increase at a = 0.85. In the case of AOT self-diffusion, a breakpoint also occurs, but AOT self-diffusion continues to slow as a decreases further. These breakpoints in both water and AOT selfdiffusion behavior at a = 0.85 coincide with the breakpoint in electrical conductivity illustrated in Fig. 1, where the onset of electrical conductivity percolation occurs. At a = 0.7 two more breakpoints in the water proton and AOT self-diffusion are seen. Water proton self-diffusion increases more markedly and AOT self-diffusion beings to increase markedly. 

As we mentioned, the first and probably most crucial step is the computation of the time derivatives of the state variables from smoothed data. The best and easiest way to smooth the data is using smooth cubic splines using the IMSL routines CSSMH, CSVAL CSDER. The latter two are used once the cubic splines coefficients and break points have been computed by CSSMH to generate the values of the smoothed measurements and their derivatives (rj, and t] )-... 

Filter specifications are matched to the response times of the process. For example, a given process has a time constant of 5 minutes. That means that it can respond over the frequency range of 0 to 1/20 of a cycle per minute. Higher frequencies are attenuated naturally by the process. Thus, if the data contain components beyond 0.05 cycles per minute, then those components are likely to be unwanted interferences. The linear filter would pass the frequencies between 0 and 1/20 and reject frequencies outside this range. The filter should attenuate frequencies higher than one decade above the break-point frequency. Process measurements processed by this filter are transformed to a new sequence with less interference than the original data. In this way, an input mapping has been defined. 

To illustrate behaviors of different filters, consider a moving average filter that averages over 11 terms. Such a filter has the frequency response shown in Fig. 8. Note that this filter has a relatively low gain of 0.55 at the break-point frequency of 0.05 cycles per minute. So in the range of... 

STRESS searches for the Yield Strength (maximum stress), then continues on to find the greatest drop in stress. From there it reverses direction to look for a peak or a point 0.004 L/Lo prior, whichever comes first. This point is taken to be the Break Point. 

After the curve is characterized, the Work at Break (Wb) is calculated as the integral of stress (S) as a function of strain (E) from the start point (1) to to break point (n). 

Paterson, N.E., Markou, A. The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist MPEP decreased break points for nicotine, cocaine and food in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 179 255, 2005. 

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