Parallel data transmission

The IEEE-488 standard is a widely accepted standard of data transmission between laboratory equipment. Data are transferred in a parallel way. The IEEE-488 bus is very sophisticated and flexible. It is sometimes called General purpose interface... 

The wireless EIT data-transmission scheme (WL-DDTS) generates an 8-bit parallel data set to be converted into the serial data by an encoder [45]. The encoded serial data are then transmitted through the wireless transmission module (Figure 30.6a) and received by the receiver module [45]. 

By using 16-bit encoder/decoder ICs, the direct transmission of 16-bit data is possible (Figure 30.7) and this eliminates the binary adder circuit required for converting 8-bit data to 16-bit data. A 16-bit data-transmission scheme uses 16-bit encoder/decoder ICs (e.g., GL116 [Glolab Corporation, United States]). The transmitter module transmits the 16-bit serial data for the receiver to be converted to 16-bit parallel data. 

The transmission of data between an ADC or DAC and a computer is usually accomplished by sending one byte at a time along a multiway ribbon cable external bus). The IEEE 488 standard bus has been widely used for this purpose, but other buses are also used. As all bits are handled simultaneously this is known as parallel I/O transmission, the data entering or leaving the computer via a parallel port or by direct connection to the computer s internal bus. Alternatively, one bit at a time can be transmitted along a single line serial I/O transmission). Data enter or leave the computer via a serial port, usually an RS-232C. Serial I/O ports are used for... 

The use of parallel beam optics as a means for determining the polymorphic composition in powder compacts has been discussed [45]. In this study, compressed mixtures of known polymorphic composition were analyzed in transmission mode, and the data were processed using profile-fitting software. The advantage of using transmission, rather than the reflectance, is that the results were not sensitive to the... 

Equations (2.75) and (2.76) represent two extremes. The former applies to a perfectly monochromatic beam incident on a perfectly parallel, smooth slab (although perfection in this sense is not absolute but lies within certain tolerance limits). On the other hand, the latter equation is appropriate to what might be called the perfectly imperfect case a slab-beam combination that has been carefully prepared to eliminate all interference effects. Theory has little to say about cases intermediate between these two extremes. Thus, if quantitative data are to be extracted from transmission measurements, some care must be... 

The special properties of OTEs that permit the use of transmission spectro-electrochemical techniques are often at cross purposes with the acquisition of reliable electrochemical data. The desire to have the superior electrical properties of bulk conducting materials, and thereby reliable electrochemical data, together with the power of a coupled optical probe led groups to develop various diffraction and reflection approaches to spectroelectrochemistry. Light diffracted by a laser beam passing parallel to a planar bulk electrode can be used to significantly increase the effective path length and sensitivity in spectroelectrochemistry [66]. 

Paralleling the growth and developments in the storage and transmission of data by electronic means and the ready availability of personal computers, the way in which information is accessed by chemist has undergone a revolutionary change in the last decade. 

Finally, time-resolved spectroscopy with femtosecond pulses was recently carried out by Gale and coworkers on a similar HD0 D20 sample (125). Due to the notably wider bandwidth of the applied IR pulses in the latter investigations, no details on reshaping of the transient spectra in dependence of the excitation frequency were accessible. A time-dependent position of the peak position of the induced sample bleaching was interpreted in terms of a shift within the statistical distribution of OH frequencies with a time constant of 1 ps. However, because only the parallel signal of the induced sample transmission was detected, the measured dynamics corresponds to a superposition of vibrational, reorientational, and structural relaxation. The data are interpreted by the help of a model of with random (bell-shaped) distribution of OH oscillators, quite different from the results of other groups. 

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