Paper economic aspects

An actual problem of a paper mill was the continuous measurement of the wall thickness of a heated roll which dries the paper in order to avoid severe crashes due to wearing. On one side the roll shall be used as long as possible because of economic aspects and on the other side the roll has to be replaced in time to avoid a severe crash. 

Economic Aspects. Table 3 shows that mbber production is the largest market for zinc oxide the downturn in 1980 resulted from a drop in tire production because of the production trend to smaller tires, more importation of tires, and a recession. The drop in paint usage reflects the trend to water-base paints, which originally contained no zinc oxide. However, its growing use in such paints is based upon improved formulations based on zinc oxide. The increased use in agriculture is a result of the realization of the importance of zinc as a trace element. The rise in use of zinc-oxide-coated paper for photocopying is followed by a slackening in use because of a shift to plain-paper copiers. 

Economic Aspects. Sodium chlorate production has grown at about a 5% rate since the early 1970s and is expected to grow at 8—10% through 1995. The projected rapid growth is related to the increased use of chlorine dioxide in the pulp and paper industry. The 1991 production capacities of various North American plants are given in Table 7. The price of sodium chlorate has increased from 165/t in 1970 to about 480/t in 1991 (113,114). 

European Community. 1993. "Technical Note on the Best Available Technologies to Reduce Emissions into Air from Coke Plants." Paper presented to BAT Exchange of Information Committee, Brussels, 1993. "Study on the Technical and Economic Aspects of Measures to Reduce the Pollution from the Industrial Emissions of Cokeries." Paper presented to BAT Exchange of Information Committee, Brussels. 

Because these variables have a very pronounced effect on the current density required to produce and also maintain passivity, it is necessary to know the exact operating conditions of the electrolyte before designing a system of anodic protection. In the paper and pulp industry a current of 4(KX) A was required for 3 min to passivate the steel surfaces after passivation with thiosulphates etc. in the black liquor the current was reduced to 2 7(X) A for 12 min and then only 600 A was necessary for the remainder of the process . From an economic aspect, it is normal, in the first instance, to consider anodically protecting a cheap metal or alloy, such as mild steel. If this is not satisfactory, the alloying of mild steel with a small percentage of a more passive metal, such as chromium, molybdenum or nickel, may decrease both the critical and passivation current densities to a sufficiently low value. It is fortunate that the effect of these alloying additions can be determined by laboratory experiments before application on an industrial scale is undertaken. 

This paper focuses on feedstock recycling of PVC, which involves degradation in a full-scale incineration plant. Liberated hydrochloric acid is recovered and used in subsequent stages for the generation of new PVC. Full details are given on the basic concept, plant configuration, the process itself, and the economic aspects involved. 

Aramid fibers, 13 372-373, 395 asbestos substitute, 3 314t chemical resistance of, 19 731t consumption of, 19 735t mechanical properties of, 13 376 properties of, 1.9 729-7301 as reinforcement materials, 26 756, 760 Aramid films/papers, properties of, 1.9 7331 Aramid polymer device, 16 1 Aramid products, economic aspects of,... 

Defoamers, 3 236-254 9 23 applications, 3 245-249 commercial sources, 3 240, 241t components, 3 237-240 defoaming theory, 3 241-245 economic aspects, 3 249-250 health and safety factors, 3 251-252 in paper manufacture, 13 118 in polymer colloids, 20 386 silica in, 22 376 surface tension, 8 244t test methods, 3 250-251 Defoaming, 3 240-242 Defoaming (antifoaming) agents, 25 in diesel fuel, 12 428 in food, 12 63-64... 

The purpose of this paper is to describe the role which nomenclature plays in industry, and to discuss briefly the economic aspects of nomenclature. 

Searchers in the literature of man-made fibers should be familiar with sources of literature on fundamental scientific research work applied research testing methods economic aspects of the industry and other general news. This paper introduces the newcomer in the industry to the most important literature sources of the field and presents a bibliography of sources, grouped according to their relation to these various aspects of the man-made fiber industry. This bibliography is adaptable to the individual requirements of the searcher. 

M Jorsmo. Technische Akademie Esslingen, 9th International Colloquium (11-13 Jan 1994), Ecological and Economical Aspects of Tribology, (Ed.) W J Bartz, Paper No 210 (1994). 

GM Scott, M Akhtar, Ml Lentz, RE Swaney. Engineering, scale-up, and economic aspects of fungal pretreatment of wood chips. In RA Young, M Akhtar, eds. Environmentally Friendly Technologies for the Pulp and Paper Industry. New York John WUey Sons, Inc., 1998, pp. 341-383. 

K, (2000) Socio-economic aspects of bioenergy systems-a new international research cooperation within lEA bioenergy. Paper Prepared for the 1st World Conference on Biomass for Energy and Climate Protection, Seville, Spain, 5-9 June 2000. 

Madlener, R. and Myles, H. (2000) Modelling socio-economic aspects of bioenergy systems a survey prepared for lEA Bioenergy Task 29. Paper prepared for the lEA Bioenergy Task 29 Workshop in Brighton/UK, 2 July 2000. 

Cf. in particular the Special Papers of the Cowles Commission, Nuclear Fission as a Source of Power. by John R. Menke, and Economic Aspects of Atomic Power, by Jacob Marschak, Sam H. Schurr, and Philip Sporn. Chicago Univ. Chicago Press, 1947, Also, Some Economic Implications of Atomic Energy, by Walter Isard. Quart. J. Econ.. 1948, 72, 202. I am also personally indebted to Prof. Marschak, Dr. Schurr, and their collaborators for communicating to me a vast amount of unpublished material. 

Conventional heat recovery from paper machine exhaust air streams can be designed optimally with respect to the climate at the mill location and the type of drying process involved. Different heat pump types can be applied, for example absorption heat transformers, to elevate the stream temperatures above the temperature of the excess heat. In an integrated mill with impingement drying the eventual excess low-pressure steam from the TMP-heat recovery, before or after the reboilers, can be utilised in an organic Rankine cycle for production of electrical power. The next step is to study the design and economic aspects of different types of ORC-plants. 

This paper focuses mainly on technical and economical aspects. Ecological, cultural and social consequences of the macroproject (both positive and negative) have not been fully considered. To provide a perspective, a few considerations are presented next. 

The purpose of reeling is to wind up the continuously produced paper web on reel spools building up paper rolls of up to 4.5 m diameter. The paper rolls have to fit the requirements of any following process steps. These mainly concern the paper roll structure such as hardness and overall shape. As reehng is a discontinuous process economic aspects as regards broke due to roll change/tum-up are important as well. This concerns the so-called top broke at the outside of the finished parent roll and the bottom broke at the inner layers of the spool. 

Eleven papers are presented on various economic aspects of the tyre industry and on the quality of elastomers. THAILAND... 

Mueller, 17., Huebner, S. Economic Aspects of Amino Acids Production. Vol. 79, p. 137 Muhlemann, H.M., Bungay, HR. Research Perspectives for Bioconversion of Scrap Paper. Vol. 65, p. 193... 

A general tendency to increase the contribution of short-fiber raw materials, e.g., paper pulp, in papermaking, which is caused by widespread availability of this pulp and economic aspects, causes the fiber to shorten during refining and is currently considered rather an unwanted effect. 

I suggest that less acrimony might be aroused if a Working Party of Officials, possibly under the chairmanship of the Treasury, could be brought into being by the agreement of those concerned to consider the financial and economic aspects of the rival proposals before any paper is submitted to ministers for decision. ... 

A fatal accident and some other disasters, which were caused by small cracks, lead to a more strict consideration of the security of these steam drums. Parallel to these the economical pressure, due to the globalisation of the today s industry, lead to the increase of the pressure and the rotation speed of the paper production machines for a higher output of the production, which means, that all safety aspects from the design and the material will be exploited totally. On the other hand cast iron is also not a ductile and comfortable material, like the most steels for the pressure equipment. 

J. E. Van Stein Cahenfels and J. Van Laar, Seminar on the Economic and Technical Aspects of the Modemi tion of the Steel Industry, Krakow, Poland, May 15-19, 1989, United Nations Paper STEEL/SEM.15/R.39, Feb. 23,1989. 

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