Pacific Rim countries

Excluding Eastern European countries and China where production figures have not been pubHshed, the world production capacity of activated carbon was estimated to be 375,000 metric tons in 1990 (35). The price of most products was 0.70 to 5.50 /kg, but some specialty carbons were more expensive (36). Eorty percent of the production capacity was in the United States, 30% in Western Europe, 20% in Japan, and 10% in other Pacific Rim countries (Table 2). 

Western Europe has seven manufacturers of activated carbon. The two largest, Norit and Chemviron (a subsidiary of Calgon), account for 70% of West European production capacity, and Ceca accounts for 13% (42). Japan is the third largest producer of activated carbon, having 18 manufacturers, but four companies share over 50% of the total Japanese capacity (43). Six Pacific Rim countries account for the balance of the world production capacity of activated carbon, 90% of which is in the Philippines and Sri Lanka (42). As is the case with other businesses, regional markets for activated carbon products have become international, lea ding to consoHdation of manufacturers. Calgon, Norit, Ceca, and Sutcliffe-Speakman are examples of multinational companies. 

Nickel. Worldwide, nickel used in electroplating has averaged about 63,500 t annually from 1980—1990 (9). The United States uses about 18,000 t/yr, and Europe about the same quantity Japan consumes about 9,000 t, and another 9,000 t is used by the other Pacific rim countries. Canada and South America are reported to use about 4500 t aimuaHy. Electroforming apphcations consume another 4500 t of nickel worldwide. About half of this electroforming is done in the United States and Canada. Nickel deposited from autocatalytic solutions was estimated to account for 1600 t of nickel on a worldwide basis (10) in 1990. Nickel averaged 3.65/kg ia early 1993 (see Nickel and nickel alloys). 

Cyperus rotundus L. is a weedy species, native to India, but widely distributed in countries on the Pacific Rim and islands in the Pacific Basin. Commonly referred to as purple nut sedge, it has been known in the Hawaiian Islands since the middle of the nineteenth century. In addition to its weedy nature, the taxon has attracted attention because of the antifebrile activity of its rhizomes. Chemical studies have disclosed the presence of several sesquiterpene derivatives, some of which have been implicated in the plant s medicinal use (cyperene and cyperinerol) (Wagner et ah, 1990, p. 1399). Our interest in this species is the existence of several chemotypes with interesting patterns of occurrence involving Pacific Rim countries and several oceanic islands, including the Hawaiian Islands, islands in the southern Pacific, and the Philippines. 

ActUyse [TR in Enrope, varions Asian/Pacific Rim countries]... 

Izbicki J. A. (1991) Chloride sources in a California coastal aquifer. In Ground Water in the Pacific Rim Countries. Conference Proceedings, Irrigation Division, American Society of Consulting Engineers, Honolulu, Hi, July 23-35, 1991. 

Adams SR. Survey of Patent Documentation from the Pacific Rim Countries. World Patent Inf. 1995 17(1) 48-61. 

Daimler-Benz and Chrysler merged to become Daimler-Chrysler, a Euro-pean/American business operating worldwide, with automotive production interests in Asia and the Pacific Rim countries, and then demerged to its initial constituent parts. 

Total plastics consumption yearly worldwide is estimated at 399.5 billion lb (200 million ton). In USA about 106.9 billion lb is consumed with about 90% are thermoplastics (TPs) and 10% thermoset (TS) plastics. USA and Europe consumption s are each about 27% of the world total with Japan, China, Australia, and the Pacific RIM countries accounting for 20%, central and South America 10%, India and Southwest Asia 8%, and Afiica, Middle East, and rest of the world (ROW) 8% (Chapter 3). 

We thank the supporting of Program for Project supported by forming a Hub for Human Resources Development and New Industry Creation Building a Sustainable Society Through Highly Interactive, Cooperative Educational Research with Pacific Rim Countries. 

The factors that differentiate the cultures are FI quality focus, F2 task and time pressures and F4 perseverance and respect for the manager. However cultural differences include issues such as respect for the manager, who particularly in the Chinese and other Pacific rim countries is likely to be older so these issues are not easily separated and are intertwined. For example, the two figures show that for the Europeans, the focus on quahty increases with age whereas the reverse is true for the Chinese respondents. However, the long hours issues are clearly more important foryoimg Chinese and for older European engineers. So seniority, age and culture are to some extent inseparable. 

The various options for utilization of natural gas from northern Alaska include (i) Lower 48 States market, (ii) Pacific-Rim markets, (iii) conversion to fuel grade methanol and/or gasoline, (iv) use of natural gas for EOR processes, (v) gas based petrochemicals and, (vi) gas-utilities systems. Among all the options discussed it appears that most expedient use of the North Slope gas is for the enhanced oil recovery. Conversion of the natural gas into methanol and its transport through existing pipeline as well as transportation of natural gas in the form of liquified natural gas to Pacific Rim countries could also become economically viable options. 

The U.S. can not be a market for North Slope gas even though it is a net importer of natural gas. Indigenous production in Lower 48 States combined with imports from inexpensive natrual gas sources in Canada, Mexico and Africa are expected to meet projected demands for natural gas for the next few decades. On the other hand, the Pacific Rim countries such as Japan, Korea and Taiwan might import the liquified natural gas from North Slope, Alaska as a reliable source if the price is not significantly different from the worldwide prices. 

Chemical companies are seeking to expand their operations into emerging overseas markets, particularly in the Pacific Rim countries. While joint ventures are proving to be the most popular method of securing entry, there are a number of drawbacks. A company can lose control of its technology and it can be difficult to maintain quality processes if the host country demands a majority shareholding, usually based on a 51 49 split. Nonetheless, these types of business ventures can be cost effective and less risky, particularly in an unstable political and economic environment. Chemical companies will continue to make use of joint ventures and other forms of strategic alliances to enter new markets. How these enterprises will fit into... 

The text draws on corrosion problems and experience from around the world where possible, giving balanced view of different approaches in different countries, particularly compring the European and North American approaches. Inevitably it concentrates on the author s primary experience in the UK, North America and, to a lesser extent Europe, the Middle East and the Pacific Rim countries. 

The world production capacity (excluding China and other Eastern countries, for which figures are not accurately known) is estimated to be around 400,000 tonnes per year. The largest producer is the USA (accounting for more than 40wt% of the total production capacity), followed by Europe, Japan and the Pacific Rim countries. 

Chen, W-F and C. Scawthorn. eds. 2003. Earthquake Engineering Handbook. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press. This is a comprehensive resource that covers the spectrum of topics relevant to designing for and mitigating earthquakes. The handbook presents engineering practices, research, and developments in North America, Europe, and the Pacific Rim countries. Included are formulas, tables, and illustrations to answers to practical questions. 

The importance of the FCC to increase refinery gasoline and mid-distillate yields at the expense of fuel oil becomes more apparent in the light of world trends in product demands. Denny et al. (1990) report that fuel oil consumption plummeted in the 1980 s even though crude oil consumption remained relatively steady. Most of the drop occurred in Western Europe, Japan, and other Pacific Rim countries (U.S. consumption was already low) due to increased demands for lighter products, alternative fuels and concerns over emissions from burning fuel oils. As fuel oil eonsumption has dropped, worldwide gasoline and mid-distillate consumption has increased. Much of the increased demand has been in Pacific Rim countries. 

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