Southwest Asia

Palm leaf was the main material used for writing in southwest Asia before the introduction of paper. It was made by drying and processing the leaves of various palm trees in manners that varied in different areas the most commonly used leaves were those of Corypha umbraculiphera, the fan palm, and of Borasus flabellifer, the palmyra palm. 

Turmeric, also known as curcuma, is an easily fading yellow dye that was used in Mesopotamia many centuries b.c.e. and later became popular in ancient Rome. It is derived from the turmeric plant, Curcuma longa, and other varieties of Curcuma indigenous to China and Southwest Asia. The dye is extracted with hot water from the shredded rhizomes of the plant and then dried into a yellow powder. The coloring matter in turmeric is the organic compound curcumin. 

Kohl, P. L., G. Harbottle, and E. V. Sayre (1979), Physical and chemical analysis of soft stone vessels from southwest Asia, Archaeometry 21,131-159. 

These trends vary, depending on location. For example, the diurnal temperature range did not decrease over mid-Canada or parts of southwest Asia, southern Africa, the interior of Australia, the western tropical Pacific Islands, and Europe (Easterling et al., 1997). Similarly, in some European mountain locations both the minimum and maximum of daily temperatures have been observed to increase (Weber et al., 1994) while in India, the maximum increased but there was no trend in the minimum (Kumar et al., 1994). 

Opium production occurs in three source regions— Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia, and Latin America. While an undetermined amount of the opium is consumed in the producing regions, a significant amount of the drug is converted to heroin and sent to its major markets in Europe and North America. 

Heroin is a narcotic derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum). Opium poppy is grown primarily by destitute farmers in what is known as the Golden Crescent in Southwest Asia (encompassing Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan) and the Golden Triangle in Southeast Asia (Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam). In the Americas, Columbia and Mexico are chief producers. 

Material Leaves and roots of perennial herb found in wooded hills and shaded areas of central and southern Europe, southwest Asia, and Algeria, and naturalized in USA. 

No one of the familiar geographical terms adequately defines the area in which man developed asphalt technology. Middle East is too inexact. Southwest Asia is too broad, and Mesopotamia is too narrow. Most of Iraq and much of adjacent Iran were involved. Figure 1 defines the area encompassed in the present work it ranges south to north from the Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea and includes (southwest to northeast) Mesopotamia proper, the central Zagros Mountains, and a small part of the Great Desert of Iran. 

Smith, B., Smith, T.C., Ryan, M.A. and Gray, G. 2006. A comparison of the postwar hospitalization experience of US military personnel following service in the 1991 Gulf War, Southwest Asia after the Gulf War, and Bosnia. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 3 660-670. 

NAA is commonly used in studies of obsidian. The sources of obsidian in Southwest Asia, the Mediterranean, North America, Mexico, and elsewhere have been examined using NAA. Most of the obsidian in Southwest Asia comes from sources either in the mountains of Turkey or in northern Iran, both outside the Fertile Crescent. The graph below shows the results of the NAA measurement of the elements iron (Fe) and scandium (Sc) in obsidian in Southwest Asia (Fig. 8.10). Samples were also taken from the original sources. There are clear differences among most of the sources. 

Fig. 8.11 The location of obsidian sources and samples in the early Neolithic of Southwest Asia. Major rivers shown on the map are the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates. Two major sources are shown in Anatolia and two in Armenia. The distribution of obsidian from these sources is seen at settlements across the area. The distributions are largely separate with the exception of one site where obsidian from both source areas is found...

Bryson RA (1996) Proxy indications of Holocene winter rains in southwest Asia compared with simulated rainfall. In Dalfes HN, Kukla G, Weiss H (eds.) Third Millennium BC Climate change and Old World collapse. NATO ASI Ser. I, Global environ change, vol. 49. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York... 

The first U.S. troops arrived in the southwest Asia theater of operations in August 1990 during the preparatory period referred to as Operation Desert Shield, the period immediately... 

World events have conspired to increase the threat of the use of chemical and biological weapons. The end of the Cold War brought not only the hoped-for change of swords into plowshares but also political and economic turbulence in the former Soviet Union, unemployed and disenchanted weapons specialists and scientists, the rise of religious fundamentalism in southwest Asia, state-sponsored terrorism, and blurring of the lines between terrorism and traditional warfare. 

Hungary, Norway, Germany, and Turkey (0.2-0.3 mSv) and elsewhere (<0.2 mSv). This value was 0.81 mSv in the former Soviet Union, <0.2 mSv in southwest Asia and Western Europe, and <0.1 mSv elsewhere. By comparison, the recommended whole-body annual effective dose equivalent for the general public is <5 mSv. Thyroid dose equivalents were significantly hi er than whole-body effective dose equivalents because of significant amounts of iodine-131 in the released materials. 

Total plastics consumption yearly worldwide is estimated at 399.5 billion lb (200 million ton). In USA about 106.9 billion lb is consumed with about 90% are thermoplastics (TPs) and 10% thermoset (TS) plastics. USA and Europe consumption s are each about 27% of the world total with Japan, China, Australia, and the Pacific RIM countries accounting for 20%, central and South America 10%, India and Southwest Asia 8%, and Afiica, Middle East, and rest of the world (ROW) 8% (Chapter 3). 

Southwest Asia group Afghanistan, India, Iran, and Pakistan ... 

Universities and Research Institutes. Historically, university education and research into petroleum extraction and processing were done primarily by leading universities of the United States, Canada, Europe, Japan, and the former Soviet Union. With the key exception of the United States, most oil-producing nations were developing countries, particularly in the Middle East, southwest Asia, and Africa, and lacked national petroleum know-how. By 2010, there was a strong tendency for universities in oil-producing nations to conduct research and provide education locally. 

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