Liquified natural gas

The Manhattan Project at the University of Chicago Laboratoi"y, headed by Enrico Fermi (Italian-American), creates the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. Natural gas liquified for first time in Cleveland, Ohio. 

Pipelines transport gases and liquids. Most materials transported by pipeline are fuels. Included are natural gas, liquified natural gas, and other petroleum products. Other hazardous materials, such as anhydrous ammonia, also move through pipelines. Department of Transportation regulations govern pipelines. 

The feedback in this process route to ammonia is a light hydrocarbon stream such as natural gas, liquified petroleum gas, or naphtha. The following example is based on methane, the principal constituent of natural gas, although the process is essentially the same when naphtha is the feedstock. The process follows a series of catalytic steps. The steam-reforming route to ammonia is shown diagrammati-cally in Fig. 7.1. 

Many commercial gases are generated by burning hydrocarbons (qv) eg, natural gas or propanes, in air (see Gas, natural Liquified petroleum gas). The combustion process, especially the amount of air used, determines the gas composition. For a given fuel-to-air ratio, the gas composition can be used to determine the water vapor content required to achieve a desired equiUbrium carbon content of the austenite (see Combustiontechnology). 

As stated earlier, turboexpanders are normally used in cryogenic processes to produce isentropic expansion to cool down the process gas. Two common applications are natural gas processing plants and chemical plants. In natural gas processing plants, turboexpanders are installed to liquify heavier hydrocarbon components and produce lean natural gas with specified dew point limits to meet required standards. 

The Satanta plant went online in September 1993, processing natural gas from some 1,000 wells drilled in the Hugoton fields of southern Kansas. A day s production yields 13,000 bbl of liquified natural gas (LNG), 5.1 million Nm (190 MMscf) of residue natural gas, and 21,600 Nm (800,000 scf) of helium. 

The extraction process at BP-Amoco Empress begins with natural gas arriving at the plant at about 15°C and 600 psi pressure. The gas is dehydrated to a -90°C dewpoint by means of molecular sieves. Still at 600 psi, the gas is introduced into heat exchangers and cooled to -70°C, at which point it begins to liquify in a separator. 

Development of an Improved Liquified Natural Gas Plant Failure Rate Data Base... 

America the high-volume but relatively undifferentiated gas mdusti y of Russia and other former Soviet republics and the specialized liquified natural gas-based gas-consuming sectors ofjapan. South Korea, and Taiwan. 

The natural-gas industries of Japan, Korea and Taiwan are based almost entirely on gas imported by tanker as liquified natural gas (LNG). These insular and peninsular economies produce almost no domestic natural gas, and until recent efforts to develop production on the Russian island of Sakhalin immediately north of Japan, import of natural gas by pipeline from nearby has not seemed a realistic alternative, In 1999, LNG imports provided about 12 percent of Japan s primary energy, 9 percent of South Korea s, and 6 percent of Taiwan s. In turn, these three countries together accounted for 79 percent of the world s international movements of LNG,... 

Liquified natural gas is shipped via cryogenic tanker from Lake Charles, Louisiana, to London. 

The gas-powered drilling and production internal combustion engines can be set up at the manufacturer to operate on gasoline, natural gas, or liquified petroleum gas (LPG). The manufacturer can also set up the engine to operate on all three types of gas fuels. This is accomplished by providing engines with conversion kits that can be used to convert the engine in the field. 

The effectiveness of an odorant depends on the partition coefficients and the solubility. Vapor-liquid equilibria data for sulfur compounds in liquified natural gas are available [745,944]. 

As one more common example of liquid fuels present reference may be drawn to liquified petroleum gas (LPG) or bottled gas or refinery gas. This fuel is obtained as a by-product during the cracking of heavy oils or from natural gas. It is dehydrated, desulfurized and traces of odours organic sulfides (mercaptans) are added in order to identify whether a gas leak has occurred. Supply of LPG is carried out under pressure in containers under different trade names. It consists of hydrocarbons of great volatility such that they can occur in the gaseous state under atmospheric pressure, but are readily liquifiable under high pressures. The principal constituents of LPG are n-butane, iso-butane, butylene and propane,... 

NITECH A cryogenic process for removing nitrogen from natural gas, mainly methane. The high-pressure gas is liquified by expansion and then fractionated. The essential feature is the use of an internal reflux condenser within the fractionating column. Developed by BCCK Engineering and demonstrated on a full-scale plant in Oregon in 1994. 

Beyond 1985 extrapolation of the growth/decay trends of competing fuels has simply been continued, with the only modification being related to the assumption that new natural gas supplies will be available in Quebec and the Atlantic Provinces, either arising from discovery in the coastal sedimentary basins or through imported liquified natural gas. 

Cracked Gas, Natural Gas, Air, Synthesis Gas, Etc C02/C2H4, Natural Gas, Etc Organics/Vent Streams Sulfur Compounds/Natural Gas, Hydrogen, Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG), Etc. Solvents/Air Odors/Air NOx/N2... 

Product recovery, for example, absorption of liquified petroleum gases (LPG) and gas olines from natural gas. 

Common fuels liquified petroleum gas, natural gas, diesel oil and gasoline... 

A specialized case of air pollutant modeling pertains to the transport and dispersion of very dense vapors that sink to the ground surface and are driven in large part by gravity forces. Such situations are uncommon, but may have catastrophic effects when they do occur examples include release of very cold natural gas from liquified natural gas (LNG) carriers, massive venting of toxic vapors from chemical plants, or release of cold ammonia gas. 

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