P. indica

Plantago seeds are widely used as bulk laxatives under the names of psyllium (from P. psyllium or P. indica) and ispaghula (from P. ovata). The possibility that the intestinal absorption of lithium and other drugs may be inhibited should also be considered (658). 

The chemical study of the antifeedant fractions of P. indica resulted in the isolation of the following ryanodane-type diterpenes Ryanodol (1), isolated for the first time as a natural product, the known ryanodanes cinnzeylanol (3) and cinnzeylanine (4) [7, 8] and the new ones cinnzeylanone (6), ryanodol-14-monoacetate (2) and epi-cinnzeylanol (5)... 

Table 1. Antifeedant and growth inhibition effects of P. indica ethanolic extract on several insect species...

To further asses such hypothesis we carried out a comparative study on the antifeedant and insecticidal effects of the ryanodol/isoryanodol-type diterpenes from P. indica (non-alkaloidal type ryanoids 1-9) [9, 10, 11] and ryanodine-type (alkaloidal type) ryanoids (ryanodine/spiganthine ryanoids 10-18), isolated from Spigelia anthelmia (Loganiaceae) [15, 16]. We studied their effects on the feeding behavior, survivorship and performance (biomass gain and food ingestion) of S. littoralis larvae and L. decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle, CPB) adults [17]. 

Common/vernacular names Black psyllium (P. indica), blond psyllium, ispaghula, ispa-gol, spogel, Indian plantago (P. ovata), brown psyllium, French psyllium, Spanish psylhum (P. psyllium, P. indica), plantago plantain. P. arenaria is accepted in the taxonomic literature as the correct name for P. psyllium (ambiguous name) and P. indica (illegitimate name) however, both names are still used in commercial trade over P. arenaria. 

North Africa, and western Asia extensively cultivated in India and Pakistan. Plantago psyllium and P. indica have erect and branched stems native to the Mediterranean region cultivated in Spain and southern France. 

Long-chain 1,14-diols and 12-hydroxy methyl alka-noates (C28-C30) occur in diatoms of the genus Probosda, especially P. alata, P. indica, and P. inermis. These diatoms are abundant in open sea and sediments in upwell-ing areas, and a diol index was defined as proxie in... 

MI1 P. Mitra and A. S. Mittra, Acta Cienc. Indica (Ser) Chem. 9, 6 (1983)... 

Aziridine 269 (Scheme 3.98), on treatment with pyrazole (270) and subsequent TFA deprotection, gave P-pyrazolylalanine 271, first isolated from Citrullus vulgaris (a water melon) and isosteric with histidine [148]. Treatment of 269 with 1,2,4-ox-adiazolidine-3,5-dione 272 gave (S)-quisqualic acid (273), an active ingredient of the ancient Chinese drug Shihchuntze, an anthelmintic made from the seeds of Quisqualis indica [148]. 

As for anthocyanins, betalains are found in vacuoles and cytosols of plant cells. From the various natural sources of betalains, beetroot (Beta vulgaris) and prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) are the only edible sources of these compounds. In the food industry, betalains are less commonly used as natural colorants from plant sources than anthocyanins and carotenoids, probably related to their more restricted distribution in nature. To date, red beetroot is the only betalain source exploited for use as a natural food coloring agent. The major betalain in red beetroot is betanin (or betanidin 5-0-P-glucoside). Prickly pear fruits contain mainly (purple-red) betanin and (yellow-orange) indicaxanthin and the color of these fruits is directly related to the betanin-to-indicaxanthin ratio (99 to 1, 1 to 8, and 2 to 1, respectively in white, yellow, and red fruits)." ... 

Felker, P. et ah. Comparison of Opuntia ficus-indica varieties of Mexican and Argentine origin for fruit yield and quality in Argentina, J. Arid Environ., 60, 405, 2005. 

Chen, J.P. Tai, C.Y., and Chen, B.H., Improved liquid chromatographic method for determination of carotenoids in Taiwanese mango (Mangifera indica L.), J. Chro-matogr. A, 1054, 261, 2004. 

Basha, S., Murthy, Z.V.P., and Jha, B., Biosorption of hexavalent chromium by chemically modified seaweed, Cystoseira indica, Chemical Engineering Journal, 137 (3), 480-488, 2008. 

An extract from Lactuca indica showed significant free radical scavenging activity, and protected phixl74 supercoiled DNA against strand cleavage and reduced oxidative stress in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. On account of protocatechulic acid, methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, caffeic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, luteolin 7-O-fT glucopyranoside, and quercetin 3-0-(3-g 1 ucopyranoside are the major antioxidative constituents (111). 

Garcia-Solis P, Yahia EM and Aceves C. 2008. Study of the effect of Ataulfo mango (Mangifera indica L) intake on mammary carcinogenesis and antioxidant capacity in plasma of /V-methyl-nitrosourea (MNU)-treated rats. Food Chem 111 309—315. 

Mathew, P. and N.R. Menon. 1993. Heavy metal stress induced variations in 0 N ratio in two tropical bivalves Pema indica (Kuriakose Nair) and Donax incamatus Gmelin. Indian Jour. Exper. Biol. 31 694-698. 

Lingappa, S., A. Jagadish, K. Shivaramu, and H.P Prabhuswamy. 1985. Relative intrinsic toxicity of seven insecticides to foragers of the Indian hive bee, Apis cerana indica F. Insect Sci. Applica. 6 567-568. 

Mishra K.R., Pradip, Tripathi S.P, Groundwater Quality of Open Wells and TubeWells, Acta Ciencia Indica, XXXIIIC, 2, 179 (2002)... 

Plant. Trifluralin was absorbed by carrot roots in greenhouse soils pretreated with the herbicide (0.75 Ib/acre). The major metabolite formed was a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-7V-(/i-propyl-toluene)-p-toluidine (Golab et al., 1967). Two metabolites of trifluralin that were reported in goosegrass Eleucine indica) were 3-methoxy-2,6-dinitro-A7A-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benz-enamine and A-(2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-jV-propylpropanamide (Duke et al., 1991). 

Talwar, G. P., Shaha, S., Mukherehee, S. and R. Chabra (1997). Indueed Termination of Pregnancy by Purified Extracts of Azadirachta Indica (Neem) -Mechanisms Involved. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 37 (6) 485-491. 

K.-P. In "Natural Pesticides from the Neem Tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and Other Tropical Plants" Schmutterer, H. Ascher, K.R.S., Eds. German Agency for Technical Cooperation Eschborn, Germany, 1984 pp. 153-161. 

Kupchan and Doskotsch (9) found that an alcoholic extract of A. indica possessed reproducible activity against the adenocarcinoma 755 test system. The active principle, aristolochic acid I, was isolated and characterized. Kamatsh and co-workers (97) reported that growth of mouse sarcoma-37 cells incubated with aristolochic acid at concentration of 100-200 p-g/ml for 3 hr was completely inhibited. Treatment of mice with aristolochic acid (1.25-5 mg/kg ip per day) for 3 days after subcutaneous implantation of sarcoma-37 cells inhibited tumor growth in 40-50%. A dose of 2.5-5 mg/kg ip per day for 5 days remarkably prolonged survival. The cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells in culture was observed at a concentration of 25 p-g/ml. 

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