Stems and Branches

Jerusalem artichoke stems can grow to 3 m or more in height, though most clones are shorter. Dwarf clones have been selected (Zubr and Pedersen, 1993). The stems are stout and heavily trichomed when young. Initially the stems are quite succulent but become woody over time. Branches vary in number and position on the main stems. The stems arise directly from the seed tuber, with branches forming at nodes on the stem. Basal branches may form underground and at the soil surface appear to be stems hence, estimates of stem number per plant are variable. 

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Gum Arabic (GA) or Acacia gum is an edible biopolymer obtained as exudates of mature trees of Acacia Senegal and Acacia seyal which grow principally in the African region of Sahe in Sudan. The exudate is a non-viscous liquid, rich in soluble fibers, and its emanation from the stems and branches usually occurs under stress conditions such as drought, poor soil fertility, and injury (Williams Phillips, 2000). 

Nutrient uptake. Nutrient uptake includes base cation uptake (BCU) and nitrogen uptake (Nu). BC uptake assigns annual average uptake of Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+. The data represent an annual net uptake in keq/ha/yr and storage in stems and branches calculated over rotation. This includes the nutrients in the biomass compartments that are expected to be removed from the site at harvest. 

Small brown aphid living in colonies on stems and branches, protected by a white waxy substance that looks like cotton batting. They are most conspicuous in late spring and early summer. Young aphids overwinter in cracks in bark. 

Fig. 9.32 a) Reaction scheme for the preparation of the design of stem and branches in RAFT-SIP using dithiocarbamates [293]. b) Schematic representation of the various stem/... 

Fig. 8 Schematic representation of the synthetic approaches of stem and branch designs. Model A is prepared under a fixed parent-chain length but different daughter-chain lengths. Model B is prepared under a fixed daughter-chain length but different parent-chain lengths. Model C is prepared under fixed parent-chain and daughter-chain length but different daughter-chain densities...

Fig. 13 Hyperbranced graft architecture based on graft-on-graft technique, a Growing tree model (both stem and branch) b Growing hyperbranching model (controlled chain length) c Growing hyperbranching at stem end...

Wood The hard fibrous substance which makes up the greater part of the stems and branches of trees or shrubs beneath the bark xylem. 

Acacia (gum arabic) is a dried gum from the stems and branches of the tree Acacia Senegal (Leguminosae/Fabaceae), abundant in the Sudan and Central and West Africa. Trees are tapped by removing a portion of the bark. The gum is used as a suspending agent, and adhesive and binder for tablets. The carbohydrate is a complex branched-chain material, which yields L-arabinose, D-galactose, D-glucuronic acid, and L-rhamnose on hydrolysis. Occluded enzymes (oxidases, peroxidases, and pectinases) can cause problems in some formulations, unless inactivated by heat. 

Part used Root bark (preferred) also bark of stem and branches. 

Features The upright, woody but slender stem, branching from the upper part only, attains a height of between one and two feet. The leaves are stalkless and elliptical in shape, about half an inch long, grow in pairs on opposite sides of the stem and branches and, in addition to the transparent dots noticed above, are sometimes marked with black spots on the under side. Numerous bright yellow flowers, dotted and streaked with dark purple, cluster, in June and July, at the ends of side branches and stem. A bitter, astringent taste is remarked. 

Wood is the general term applied to stems and branches of a wide variety of gymnosperms and angiosperms. It is used without processing other than shaping, and as the raw material for products such as paper. 

PROP Yellowish-amber lumps. A gum from the stems and branches of Acacia Senegal (L.) WilU. or of Acacia (Fam. Leguminosae). Sol in water insol in ale. 

Cork or suberous tissue is composed of cells of tabular shape, whose walls possess suberized layers. Its cells are mostly filled with air containing a yellow or brownish substance. It is derived from the phellogen or cork cambium which cuts off cork cells outwardly. Cork tissue is devoid of intercellular-air-spaces. It forms a protective covering to the roots of secondary growth, stems (after the first season) of Dicotyledons and Gymnosperms, and wounds of stems and branches. Living cork cells contain protoplasm and cell sap while dead cork cells are filled with air. 

Apocynaceoe or Dog Bane Family.—Herbs, rarely shrubs, not infrequently clambering or climbing in habit Allamanda). Stem and branches show bicollateral bundles. Stem, leaves and flowers have... 

Developing trees contain two major types of meristems (1) terminal or apical meristems and (2) lateral meristems. Apical meristems are located at the tips of all stems and branches (both termed shoots) where they are contained within terminal buds they are also located within the tip regions of all roots. In the tip regions, the meristematic zone is usually protected by another zone of cells called the root cap. Root hairs, or microscopic roots, have no apical meristems, but these minute structures are lateral projections of roots that do have apical meristems. 

Leaves turn yellow and fall tree declines. Cause Scales. Various types of scales infest citrus trees, causing decline. Trees may suffer from twig dieback and reduced vigor, and leaves may be covered with honeydew excreted by the scales as well as sooty mold, which feeds on the honeydew. Cottony cushion scale looks like white, cottony masses clustered on leaves, stems, and branches. Red. brown, or black scale may look like crusty, waxy, or smooth bumps on leaves, trunk, stems, or fruit. Many natural enemies keep scale insects in check. If scale infestation is heavy, introduce outside predators for additional control. You must choose the species of predator that feeds on your species of scale. For example, Vidalia... 

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