Toluene propylation

Ethylidene-2-norbomene Ethyl toluene Propyl benzene Tri methyl benzene... 

Soares, D. G., A. C. Andreazza, and M. Salvador. 2003. Sequestering ability of butylated hydroxy toluene, propyl gallate, resveratrol, and vitamins C and E against ABTS, DPPFF, and hydroxyl free radicals in chemical and biological systems. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 1077-1080. 

Tolu-Sol 5, Solvent Toluene Propyl Acetate Totd... 

The inflammable solvents most frequently used for reaction media, extraction or recrystallisation are diethyl ether, petroleum ether (b.p. 40-60° and higher ranges), carbon disulphide, acetone, methyl and ethyl alcohols, di-Mo-propyl ether, benzene, and toluene. Special precautions must be taken in handling these (and other equivalent) solvents if the danger of Are is to be more or less completely eliminated. It is advisable to have, if possible, a special bench in the laboratory devoted entirely to the recovery or distillation of these solvents no flames are permitted on this bench. 

The formation of alkylbenzenes, largely free from unaaturated compounds, provides another interesting application of organosodium compounds. Thus pure M-butylbenzene is readily obtained in good yield from benzyl sodium and n-propyl bromide. Benzyl-sodium is conveniently prepared by first forming phenyl-sodium by reaction between sodium and chlorobenzene in a toluene medium, followed by heating the toluene suspension of the phenyl-sodium at 105° for about 35 minutes ... 

In 1973 the Semiconductor Equipment and Materials Institute (SEMI) held its first standards meeting. SEMI standards are voluntary consensus specifications developed by the producers, users, and general interest groups in the semiconductor (qv) industry. Examples of electronic chemicals are glacial acetic acid [64-19-7] acetone [67-64-17, ammonium fluoride [12125-01 -8] and ammonium hydroxide [1336-21 -6] (see Ammonium compounds), dichloromethane [75-09-2] (see Cm.OROCARBONSANDcm.OROHYDROCARBONs), hydrofluoric acid [7664-39-3] (see Eluorine compounds, inorganic), 30% hydrogen peroxide (qv) [7722-84-1] methanol (qv) [67-56-1] nitric acid (qv) [7697-37-2] 2-propanoI [67-63-0] (see Propyl alcohols), sulfuric acid [7664-93-9] tetrachloroethane [127-18-4] toluene (qv) [108-88-3] and xylenes (qv) (see also Electronic materials). 

Esters of low volatility are accesible via several types of esterification. In the case of esters of butyl and amyl alcohols, water is removed as a binary azeotropic mixture with the alcohol. To produce esters of the lower alcohols (methyl, ethyl, propyl), it may be necessary to add a hydrocarbon such as benzene or toluene to increase the amount of distilled water. With high boiling alcohols, ie, benzyl, furfuryl, and P-phenylethyl, an accessory azeotroping Hquid is useful to eliminate the water by distillation. 

Medium Boiling Esters. Esterificatioa of ethyl and propyl alcohols, ethylene glycol, and glycerol with various acids, eg, chloro- or bromoacetic, or pymvic, by the use of a third component such as bensene, toluene, hexane, cyclohexane, or carbon tetrachloride to remove the water produced is quite common. Bensene has been used as a co-solvent ia the preparatioa of methyl pymvate from pymvic acid (101). The preparatioa of ethyl lactate is described as an example of the general procedure (102). A mixture of 1 mol 80% lactic acid and 2.3 mol 95% ethyl alcohol is added to a volume of benzene equal to half that of the alcohol (ca 43 mL), and the resulting mixture is refluxed for several hours. When distilled, the overhead condensate separates iato layers. The lower layer is extracted to recover the benzene and alcohol, and the water is discarded. The upper layer is returned to the column for reflux. After all the water is removed from the reaction mixture, the excess of alcohol and benzene is removed by distillation, and the ester is fractionated to isolate the pure ester. 

The reaction rates of toluene and benzene with i-propyl chloride in nitromethane fit a third-order rate law ... 

Steric effects play a major role in determining the ortho para ratio in Friedel-Crafts alkylations. The amount of ortho substitution of toluene decreases as the size of the entering alkyl group increases along the series methyl, ethyl, /-propyl. No ortho product is found when the entering group is /-butyl. ... 

Corrective Action Application Case 1 - Groundwater at the MEMOREX Computer Tape Plant (Santa Clara, California) was contaminated by a leaking underground solvent storage tank (Skladany et al., 1987). Chemical analysis of the groundwater identified the presence of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) up to 500 ppm xylenes together with ethyl benzene up to 40 ppm cyclohexanone up to 30 ppm cyclohexanol up to 10 ppm acetone up to 10 ppm and toluene, tetrahydrofuran, 2-butanol, and methyl propyl ketone each less than 1 ppm. A biological... 

Constitution. On oxidation with chromic acid, conhydrine yields Z-piperidyl-2-earboxylic acid. It is converted into Z-coniine either by reduction of the iodo-derivative (iodoconiine), C,HijNI, formed by the action of hydriodic acid and phosphorus at 180° or by hydrogenation of the mixture of coniceines produced, when it is dehydrated by phosphorus pentoxide in toluene. These and other observations indicate that the p- ygen atom must occur as a hydroxyl group, in the w-propyl side-chain in either the a- (XV) or (XVI) position, since the y-position would involve... 

A cooled 10% solution of 1 mol of phosgene in toluene was added with stirring to a cooled solution of 1 mol of 2-methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol and 2 mols of dimethylaniline also dissolved in toluene, at such a rate that the temperature of the mixture was maintained at about 25°C. The mixture was allowed to remain at this temperature for several hours, then... 

After cooling, water is added and the solution then decanted. The toluene phase is then evaporated in vacuo to constant weight. The residue is constituted of 10-(2-methyl-3-chloro-propyl)-phenothiazine containing a certain quantity of phenothiazine which has not reacted. As this product is not readily soluble in petroleum ether, it is possible to eliminate it by extraction by means of this solvent. 

A mixture of 10 parts of 7-chloro-4-fluorobutyrophenone, 5.5 parts of 1-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridyl)-2-benzimidazolinone, 4 parts of sodium carbonate, and 0.1 part of potassium iodide in 176 parts of 4-methyl-2-pentanone is stirred and refluxed for 64 hours. The cooled reaction mixture is filtered and the solvent is evaporated from the filtrate to leave an oily residue which is dissolved in toluene. The toluene solution is filtered and the solvent is evaporated. The resultant residue is recrystallized from a mixture of 32 parts of ethyl acetate and 32 parts of diisopropyl ether to give 1-[1-[(4-fluorobenzoyl)propyll-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridyl]-2-benzimidazolinone hydrate melting at about 145°-146.5°C. 

After cooling, distilled water (75 cc) is added. The aqueous phase is decanted. The toluene solution is washed with distilled water (25 cc) and then extracted with N-hydrochloric acid (40 cc). The hydrochloric acid solution is made alkaline to phenolphthalein with sodium hydroxide (d = 1.33). The base which separates is extracted with chloroform (50 cc). The chloroform solution is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then evaporated to dryness. There are obtained 5-[3-(4-/3-hydroxyethylpiperazino)propyll-dibenzazepine (7.95 g),thedi-hydrochloride of which, crystallized from ethanol, melts at about 210°C. 

The sodium derivative of the 2-trifluoromethylphenothiazine was prepared from 26.7 g (0.1 mol) of 2-trifluoromethylphenothiazine and 2.3 g (0.1 g atom) of sodium in 500 ml of liquid ammonia. After the reaction was completed, the ammonia was driven off and 500 ml of dry toluene were added. A solution of 25 g (0.09 mol) of N-(3-chloropropyl)-N -[2-(1,3-dioxanyl)-ethyl] -piperazine In 200 ml of toluene was added drop by drop to this solution which was then refluxed with stirring for 1B hours. After cooling, the precipitate which had formed was filtered and the filtrate was washed with water, dried and concentrated in vacuo. 33 g of brown oil, the N-3-(2-trifluoromethyl-10-phenothiazinyl)-propyl-N -2-[2-(1,3-dioxanyl)] -ethyl-piperazine, were obtained. 

A stirred mixture of 5 parts of 2-chloro-10-[ r-(N Pipera2ino)propyl] phenothiazine, 1.92 parts of 2-bromoethanol, 2.11 parts of potassium carbonate and 35 parts of toluene is refluxed for 5 hours. The mixture is treated with water and benzene and the organic layer is separated, washed with water, dried over anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered and evaporated. The residue is distilled at about 240°244°C and 0.15 mm pressure to yield 2-chloro-10-[-y-(N -/3-hydroxyethyl-N-pipera2ino)-propyl] phenothiazine according to U.S. Patent 2,838,507. 

To a mixture of 4.1 parts of 4-piperidinopiperidine-4-carboxamide, 6.4 parts of sodium carbonate, and a few crystals of potassium iodide in 100 parts of anhydrous toluene is added drop-wise a solution of 5.6 parts of 7-chloro-4-fluorobutyrophenone and 40 parts of anhydrous toluene at a temperature of 30°C to 40°C. The mixture is stirred and refluxed for 48 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled and divided between 50 parts of water and 60 parts of chloroform. The combined organic layers-toluene and chloroform-are dried over potassium carbonate, filtered, and evaporated. The oily residue solidifies on treatment with 80 parts of ether. After cooling for 30 minutes at 0°C, there is obtained 1 -[7-(4-fluorobenzoyl)propyl] -4-pi-peridinopiperidine-4-carboxamide melting at about 1 24.5°C to 126°C. 

A mixture of 50 parts of the distillate, 25.6 parts of 3-bromoethyl acetate, 10.7 parts of potassium carbonate and 400 parts of toluene is stirred at reflux temperature for 16 hours. The mixture is heated with water. The organic layer is separated, washed with water and extracted with dilute hydrochloric acid. The resulting extract is washed with benzene, rendered alkaline and extracted with benzene. The resulting benzene solution is dried over anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered and concentrated. The residue is dissolved in 300 parts of ethanol and treated with 2.2 equivalents of a 25% solution of anhydrous hydrochloric acid in 2-pro-pa nol. The resulting crystals are recrystallized from 400 parts of ethanol and 10 parts of water. The dihydrochloride of N-( 3-acetoxyethyl)-N -[7-(2 -chloro-10 -phenothiazine)propyl] piperazine melts unsharply at about 200°C to 230°C. 

Diethylmethyl propylmalonate is reacted with LiAIH4, then H2SO4 to give 2-methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol. That is reacted with phosgene in toluene to give the chlorocar-bonate which is in turn reacted with butylamine to give N-butyl-2-methyl-2-propyl-3-hy-droxy-propyl carbamate. 

Acetaldehyde, acetone, tetrahydrofuran (THF), ethyl acetate, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, 4-methyl-l,3-dioxolane, n-pro-pyl acetate, methyl isobutyl ketone, -propyl alcohol, toluene, n-butyl alcohol, 2-ethoxyethanol, and cyclohexane... 

Forms azeotropic mixts with butyl ale, acetic acid, heptane, toluene, nitroethane, perchioro-ethylene, w, etc. Prepn is by reacting propyl ale with coned nitric acid (d 1.41g/cc) dissolved in ethylacetate at 20°, followed by distn of the product. NPN can also be preod bv reacting a continuous stream of propyl ale below the surface of stirred mixed acid (20% nitric acid, 68% sulfuric acid and 12% w by wt) in a cooled (0—5°) open stainless steel vessel. Addnl mixed acid is also simultaneously introduced at about a third of the depth of the liq. An overflow pipe maintains a constant reactant level and the effluent prod is sepd, washed with 10% aq Na carbonate soln and dried by passage thru a Filtrol packed tower. Contact time of reactants can vary from 0.6 to 15 mins using about 50% isopropanol at 0° to yield 66.5% NPN (Ref 3b)... 

Subsequently, rate coefficients were determined for the zinc chloride-catalysed bromination of benzene, toluene, i-propyl-benzene, r-butylbenzene, xylenes, p-di-f-butylbenzene, mesitylene, 1,2,4-trimethyl-, sym-triethyl-, sym-tri-f-butyl-, 1,2,3,5-and 1,2,4,5-tetramethyl- and pentamethylbenzenes, all at 25.4 °C and in acetic acid, and it was shown that the reaction was inhibited by HBr.ZnCl2 which accumulates during the bromination and was considered to cause the first step of the reaction (formation of ArHBr2) to reverse320. The second-order coefficients for bromination of o-xylene at 25.0 °C were shown to be inversely dependent upon the hydrogen bromide concentration and the reversal of equilibrium (155)... 

The lower reaction rates obtained with this catalyst permitted measurements of the reaction rates of benzene and toluene with a range of alkyl halides including /-propyl and /-butyl bromides, the rate being followed in some cases by the... 

Low substrate selectivity accompanying high positional selectivity was also found in isopropylation of a range of alkyl and halogenobenzenes by /-propyl bromide or propene in nitromethane, tetramethylene sulphone, sulphur dioxide, or carbon disulphide, as indicated by the relative rates in Table 86. The toluene benzene reactivity ratio was measured under a wide range of conditions, and varied with /-propyl bromide (at 25 °C) from 1.41 (aluminium chloride-sulphur... 

Several workers have measured the rate of transfer from a liquid flowing down the inside wall of a tube to a gas passing countercurrently upwards. GILLILAND and SHERWOOD 36 vaporised a number of liquids including water, toluene, aniline and propyl, amyl and butyl alcohols into an air stream flowing up the tube. A small tube, diameter d — 25 mm and length = 450 mm, was used fitted with calming sections at the top and bottom, and the pressure was varied from 14 to about 300 kN/m2. 

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