Oxidized graphite

Solid Superacids. Most large-scale petrochemical and chemical industrial processes ate preferably done, whenever possible, over soHd catalysts. SoHd acid systems have been developed with considerably higher acidity than those of acidic oxides. Graphite-intercalated AlCl is an effective sohd Friedel-Crafts catalyst but loses catalytic activity because of partial hydrolysis and leaching of the Lewis acid halide from the graphite. Aluminum chloride can also be complexed to sulfonate polystyrene resins but again the stabiUty of the catalyst is limited. 

Metal-Matrix Composites. A metal-matrix composite (MMC) is comprised of a metal ahoy, less than 50% by volume that is reinforced by one or more constituents with a significantly higher elastic modulus. Reinforcement materials include carbides, oxides, graphite, borides, intermetahics or even polymeric products. These materials can be used in the form of whiskers, continuous or discontinuous fibers, or particles. Matrices can be made from metal ahoys of Mg, Al, Ti, Cu, Ni or Fe. In addition, intermetahic compounds such as titanium and nickel aluminides, Ti Al and Ni Al, respectively, are also used as a matrix material (58,59). P/M MMC can be formed by a variety of full-density hot consolidation processes, including hot pressing, hot isostatic pressing, extmsion, or forging. 

For example, for NGZ, the loss of capacity is higher but comparable with the loss of graphite active mass (66.8 and 50.0% 94.7 and 56.5%). Thus, corrosion mechanism (3) is a predominant one for such an unstable to oxidation graphite class. 

Huang and Freiser (132, 133) were able to prepare exohedral metal C60 ions [MC60]+ by direct reaction of the bare metal ions Fe+, Ni+, Co+, Cu+, Rh+, and La+ with Cgo vapor produced from a heated probe. The [MC60]+ ions when subjected to low-energy collision-induced dissociation with argon all produced the Cg0 ion. These results show that the metal ions attach to the outer surface of C60. The exohedral metallofullerene ions differ from the endohedral metallofullerenes produced by laser ablation of metal oxide-graphite mixtures and support the observations of Smalley and co-workers (148) who found that endohedral metallofullerene ions dissociate by loss of C2 units. 

Szabo T, Tomabacz E, Hies E, Dekany I. Enhanced acidity and pH-dependent surface charge characterization of successively oxidized graphite oxides, Carbon 2006, 44, 537-545. 

Magnesium nitrate, Tin(ll) fluoride, 4693 Manganese(lV) oxide, Calcium hydride, 4705 Molybdenum(VI) oxide, Graphite, 4717 Nitric acid, Formaldehyde, 4436 Nitric acid, Formic acid, 4436 Nitric acid, Formic acid. Urea, 4436 Nitric acid, Metal thiocyanate, 4436 Oxalic acid, Urea, 0725 Ozone, Acetylene, 4846... 

The production of endohedral fullerene complexes in visible amounts was first accomplished by a pulsed laser vaporization of a lanthanum oxide-graphite composite rod in a flow of argon gas at 1200 °C [66]. In this procedure, the newly formed endohedrals, together with empty fullerenes, sublime readily and are carried away in the flowing gas, depositing on the cool surfaces of the apparatus. This sublimate contains the complexes La CgQ, La C74 and La Cg2 (Figure 1.9). Among these, the endohedral molecule La Cg2 exhibits an extra stability. It can... 

Figure 1.9 FT-ICR mass spectrum of hot toluene extract produced by laser vaporization of a lanthanum oxide-graphite composite rod [66].

DNA, 43 132-133 metal chlorides graphite and, 1 254-259 metal oxides graphite and, 1 260-262 metal sulfldes graphite and, 1 260-262 Interconversions, see Cluster conversions... 

Clusters From Metal Oxide/Graphite Mixtures... 

Carbide cluster ions (MC + - M = matrix element) have been measured by investigating them directly from the solid carbides (B4C,46 SiC) or by analyzing metal oxide/graphite mixtures (for M = rare earth element,3 Si,46 Th or U36). Figure 9.60 shows the distribution of silicon carbide cluster ions (SiC +) in laser ionization mass spectrometry by the direct analysis of compact SiC in comparison to the carbide cluster ion distribution of LaC + and SrC + in spark source mass spectrometry, by investigating a metal oxide/graphite mixture. 

This system, commonly known as the mercury cell , is based on an amalgamated zinc anode, a concentrated aqueous potassium hydroxide electrolyte - saturated with zincate ion by zinc oxide - and a mercuric oxide/graphite cathode ... 

Treatment of Graphite with Nitric-Sulfuric Acid Mixture. The following experiment was carried out in an effort to prepare a more highly oxidized graphite than the Aquadag preparation previously studied. 

Application of composite electrodes in the arc discharge process is a well-known route to metallofullerenes [1], To prepare electrodes, a graphite rod is used to be coaxially drilled, stuffed with mixture of metal oxide, graphite powder and thermosetting resin then annealed under vacuum at ca. 2000°C. Such procedure seems to be laborious whereas the yield of metallofullerenes is low [2]. To increase the yield, composite electrodes structure was varied [2] and new equipment was... 

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