Metallofullerenes, endohedral

Keywords Metallofullerene, endohedral, gadolinium, magnetic resonance imaging, contrast agent, relaxivity, cellular imaging, molecular imaging... 

Endohedral metallofullerenes, which encapsulate metal atoms in a carbon cage, are now becoming one of the attractive key materials for nanotechnology. Since the determination of the endohedral structure of Y C82 in 1995 [1], various endohedral structures of metallofullerenes have been revealed by X-ray structure analysis by our group [2-9]. The obtained results improved understanding of the stability of the metallofullerene endohedral structure and stimulated creation of novel endofullerene-related materials. 

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Cagle D W, Kennel S J, Mirzadeh S, Alford J M and Wilson L J 1999 In vivo studies of fullerene-based materials using endohedral metallofullerene radiotraoers Proc. Natl Acad. Sc/. USA 96 5182-7... 

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Takata M, Umeda B, Nishibori E, Sakata M, Saito Y, Ohno M and Shinohara H 1995 Confirmation by x-ray diffraotion of the endohedral nature of the metallofullerene Y Cg2 Nature 377 46... 

Tagmatarchis N, Prato M (2004) Organofullerene Materials 109 1-39 Takata M, Nishibori E, Sakata M, Shinohara M (2004) Charge Density Level Structures of Endohedral Metallofullerenes by MEM/Rietveld Method 109 59-84 Takenobu T, see Margadonna S (2004) 109 127-164 Talarico G, see BudzelaarPHM (2003) 105 141-165 Taniguchi H, see Itoh M (2007) 124 89-118... 

Huang and Freiser (132, 133) were able to prepare exohedral metal C60 ions [MC60]+ by direct reaction of the bare metal ions Fe+, Ni+, Co+, Cu+, Rh+, and La+ with Cgo vapor produced from a heated probe. The [MC60]+ ions when subjected to low-energy collision-induced dissociation with argon all produced the Cg0 ion. These results show that the metal ions attach to the outer surface of C60. The exohedral metallofullerene ions differ from the endohedral metallofullerenes produced by laser ablation of metal oxide-graphite mixtures and support the observations of Smalley and co-workers (148) who found that endohedral metallofullerene ions dissociate by loss of C2 units. 

Fatouros PP, Corwin FD, Chen ZJ, Broaddus WC, Tatum JL, Kettenmann B, Ge Z, Gibson HW, Russ JL, Leonard AP, Duchamp JC, Dorn HC (2006) In vitro and in vivo imaging studies of a new endohedral metallofullerene nanoparticle. Radiology 240 756-764. 

Gadolinium Endohedral Metallofullerene-Based MRI Contrast Agents... 

Bolskar RD Alford JM (2003) Chemical oxidation of endohedral metallofullerenes identification and separation of distinct classes. Chem. Commun. 11 1292-1293. 

Diener MD, Bolskar RD, Alford JM (2002) Redox properties and purification of endohedral metallofullerenes. In Akasaka T, Nagase S (eds.) Endofullerenes a new family of carbon clusters. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 133-151. 

Iezzi EB, Duchamp JC, Fletcher KR, Glass TE, Dorn HC (2002) Lutetium-based trimetallic nitride endohedral metallofullerenes new contrast agents. Nano Lett. 2 1187-1190. 

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Thrash TP, Cagle DW, Alford JM, Wright K, Ehrhardt GJ, Mirzadeh S, Wilson LJ (1999) Toward fullerene-based radiopharmaceuticals high-yield neutron activation of endohedral 165Ho metallofullerenes. Chem. Phys. Lett. 308 329-336. 

Tsuchiya T, Wakahara T, Shirakura S, Maeda Y, Akasaka T, Kobayashi K, Nagase S, Kato T, Kadish KM (2004) Reduction of endohedral metallofullerenes a convenient method for isolation. Chem. Mater. 16 4343 1346. 

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